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PS.2 The student will investigate and understand the basic nature of matter .

This chapter explores the basic nature of matter, including the particle theory of matter, elements, compounds, mixtures, acids, bases, and salts. It also discusses the different states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and their physical and chemical properties. Additionally, the chapter delves into gas behavior and gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the relationship between temperature and pressure.

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PS.2 The student will investigate and understand the basic nature of matter .

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  1. PS.2 The student will investigate and understand the basic nature of matter. Key concepts include: • the particle theory of matter; • elements, compounds, mixtures, acids, bases, and salts; • solids, liquids, and gases; • physical properties (shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, color); • chemical properties (acidity, basicity, combustibility, reactivity); and • characteristics of types of matter based on physical and chemical properties.

  2. What can you tell me about the states of matter?

  3. Chapter 3 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

  4. Solids • have a definitevolume and definiteshape. • the particles of a solid are packed closely together and in a fixed position. Crystalline solid-the particles of the solid form regular repeating patterns creating crystals. Crystalline solids have distinct melting points. • Salt, sugar, sand, granite video

  5. Solids Amorphous solid-the particles of this solid are not in a regular pattern. No distinct melting point, amorphous solids get softer as temperature rises. • Plastic, rubber, glass, butter diagram of solid particles (page 66)

  6. Liquids • have a definite volume, but no definite shape. • the particles of a liquid are free to move around each other (lets them take the shape of a container). viscosity-the resistance of a liquid to flow. • High viscosity fluids flow slowly (molasses). • Low viscosity fluids flow quickly (water). video diagram of liquid particles (page 66)

  7. Gases • no definite shape orvolume. • can change volume easily. diagram of gas particle (page 66)

  8. Plasma A “soup” of particles consisting of the free electrons (- charge) and the free nuclei (+ charge).

  9.  If we have a gas that consists of single atoms, and we add sufficient energy (heat) to it, the negatively charged electrons which are typically bound to the positively charged nucleus of these atoms will overcome the pull of the nucleus (opposite charges attract). This state is known as plasma.

  10. Some examples of plasmas are: - The glowing “gas” (actually plasma!) inside neon signs and fluorescent lights.- The glowing parts of a plasma TV.- The exhaust of big rockets.- Lightning.- The northern and southern lights.- The solar wind and space weather.- The Sun and all the stars.- The stuff inside a fusion reactor.

  11. And..

  12. What can you tell me about the states of matter?

  13. Gas Behavior andGas Laws Three ways to measure gases: • 1 1. Volume • 1 2. Temperature • 1 3. Pressure

  14. 1.Volume • The volume of a gas is the same as the volume of its container.

  15. Temperature • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. • (Kinetic energy is energy of motion.) • The faster the particles are moving, the greater the energy of motion and the higher the temperature.

  16. 3.Pressure • The force of a gas’s outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container. pressure = force / area • Measured in units called kilopascals (kPa).

  17. Boyles Law(see handout) • When the pressure of a gas is increased (at constant temperature) the volume decreases. • When the pressure ↑, the volume↓. • The volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.

  18. Charles’s Law • When the temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure, its volume increases. • When temperature is ↑, the volume ↑. • The volume is directly proportional to temperature of a gas.

  19. Temperature and PressureRelationship • When the temperature of a gas is increased (at constant volume) the pressure of the gas increases. • When the temperature is↑, the pressure ↑. • directly proportional

  20. Which Gas Law?

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