Digestive System

Digestive System

Mouth • Digestion begins in the ________ . ________ begins the process of digestion • __________________- is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. • __________________- large food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules with the help of different enzymes. Mouth Chewing Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion

Mouth salivary glands amylase • _______________ secrete saliva, which contains the enzyme _________ to break the bonds in _________ (which is what type of macromolecule: ______________) and releases sugar. It also contains the enzyme __________ that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of ________ . The saliva also helps ___________ the food and make it easier to chew. The release of saliva is under the control of the ________________ starches Carbohydrate lysozyme moisten bacteria nervous system

Esophagus tongue throat • Your ________ and your _______ muscles help you swallow your food, which (after swallowing) is now called a _______ . As you swallow, the ________ closes over the _______ and the bolus enters the __________. ______ is not responsible for food going down into the stomach. bolus epiglottis trachea esophagus Gravity

Esophagus smooth • A series of contractions of _______ muscle squeeze the food through the ___________ . This is called _________ . A thick ring of muscle called the _____________ closes the esophagus and prevents the contents of the ________ from moving back into the esophagus (also known as acid ____). peristalsis esophagus cardiacsphincter stomach reflux ***Remember: No Digestion_ occurs in the esophagus.

Stomach stomach • Food from the esophagus empties into a large muscular sac called the ___________ . Alternating contractions of the stomach’s ____ smooth muscle layers _____ and mix the ____. 3 churn food

Stomach- Chemical digestion: Gastric glands • The stomach contains microscopic _______________ that produce and release various substances. Some of these include: • ________- a fluid that __________ and _________ the stomach wall. • _______________________- makes the contents of the stomach very _______, & activates pepsin. • ________- an enzyme that begins the digestion of _______ & works best under the _______ conditions • One enzyme, _________ , is destroyed in the stomach due to the high level of ______ . This means that digestion of ______________ stops until the food reaches the _________________ . Mucus lubricates protects HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) acidic Pepsin acidic proteins amylase acid carbohydrates small intestine

Stomach- Mechanical digestion: contract Stomach muscles ________ to churn and mix the food & fluids in the stomach, producing a substance called ______ . After some time, usually about __ to __ hours, this new substance enters the ___________ through the ________ valve. chyme 1 2 small intestine pyloric

Small Intestine duodenum Chemical • The __________ is the first part of the small intestine and is where most of the ___________ digestion and _________ of the food you eat occurs here. The small intestine is specialized to absorb _______ . The structure that aids in this absorption are the tiny folded projections called _____ . These structures increase the _____________ for absorption. Most of the products of _____________ and _______ digestion are absorbed into the ___________ in the villi. absorption nutrients villi surface area carbohydrates protein capillaries

Small Intestine fat fatty lymph • Molecules of undigested ___ and some _____ acids are absorbed by ________ vessels. By the time food is ready to leave the small intestine, it is basically ________ - free….. only __________, _______, and other indigestible substances are left. Accessory structures that aid in digestion: nutrient celluluose water

Small Intestine enzymes • Pancreas- produces: -_________- that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids • -__________________- a base that neutralizes stomach acid so these enzymes can be effective • Liver- produces ____, a fluid loaded with lipids and other salts. It helps make it easier for enzymes to break down ___ . Bile is stored in the ___________ Sodium bicarbonate bile fat Gall bladder

Large Intestine Colon chyme water • Another name is ______. When _______ leaves the small intestine, it enters the large intestine. The function of the large intestine is to remove _______ from undigested material. Colonies of _________ produce _________ and other substances for the body to use. Concentrated _______ material that remains after ______ has been removed passes through the _________ and is eliminated from the body. bacteria vitamin K waste water rectum

Excretory System

Excretory System Functions: • The _____________________from the body is know as excretion • For example; lungs ___________ _________& the skin excretes _____ and ________in sweat. • Therefore, the lungs and skin are part of the excretory system elimination of chemical wastes excretes carbon dioxide water salt

Excretory System Functions: • The excretory system is a system of organs that remove _______from the body. • The mains organ of the excretion are the _______ • Function: • The removal of urea- a substance that is the result of ___________ of ________in the body cells • regulation of _______ in the_______________, • maintain___________ • Regulating ___________ waste kidneys metabolism proteins bloodstream water homeostasis blood pH

Structure of the kidneys: • Each about the size of the _____ • Located on either side of the _____________in the lower back • Blood flows into each kidney through a _____________________Blood leaves through a ________________ fist spinal column • renal artery renal vein

Structure of the kidneys: ureter • A tube called the_______, leaves each, carrying ______to the bladder. • The ________________is a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted through a tube called the urethra urine urinary bladder

The 3 parts of the kidneys : Renal cortex- outer part Renal medulla- inner part Renal pelvis- middle part

The main functional unit of the kidneys: • NEPHRONS- each is a small, independent processing unit, located mostly in the____________, each has its own blood supply and releases fluids to a collecting duct, which leads to the ______ Renal cortex ureter

NEPHRONS • Glomerulus: mechanically filters blood • Bowman's Capsule: mechanically filters blood • Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs 75% of the water, salts, glucose, and amino acids • Loop of Henle: Countercurrent exchange, which maintains the concentration gradient • Distal Convoluted Tubule: Tubular secretion of H ions, potassium, and certain drugs.

Kidney Filtration • Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called filtration. • The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the part of the ________called the__________. • Nephron is a small network of ____________encased in the upper end by a hollow, cup-shaped structure- called the __________________ glomerulus nephron capillaries Bowman’s capsule

Kidney Filtration • Substance such as __________________, _________________& _____________diffuse into the ___________to be filtrated. • The kidneys filter all the ____________________________________ water, urea, glucose salts, amino acids some vitamins Bowman’s capsule blood in the body about every 45 minutes

Kidney Re-absorption: • Most material removed from the blood at the _________________makes its way into the _______ • Re-absorption is the process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel. • _____________________are reabsorbed into the capillaries by______________. • Water enters by_______. ____of the water is reabsorbed into the blood Bowman’s capsule blood Amino acids, fats, & glucose active transport osmosis 99%

Kidney Re-absorption: Urine • _______ is what remains after re-absorption. It is emptied into a collecting duct, which leads to the ______. • Urine contains_______________, & _____among other substances. • ________blood is returned to circulation & _______ is collected in the ____________________. Ureter urea, excess salts water Purified urine urinary bladder

Random Facts about Urine: • A nice cold drink of... urine? Although urine is sterile and made up mostly of water there are many trace amount of other chemicals and it is not recommended to drink it because of this fact. These trace chemicals give it the salty taste, but if you are generally a healthy person free of disease than tasting your urine will not harm you

Random Facts about Urine: • There are 45.2% of people that pee in the shower. • There are 44.9% of people who pee in the ocean and there are 28.1% of people who pee in the pool.

1. Pee can be a window to your overall health.It provides vital information about your kidney and heart health, and your liver function. And the amount of bathroom trips you take can also signal health issues: Infrequent urination could indicate dehydration or even a kidney problem. • 2. It's 95% water.The rest is 2.5% urea and a 2.5% combination of salt, hormones, nutrients, and creatine. Over a lifetime, the kidneys will clean approximately one million gallons of water into pee. • 3. Pee that smells isn't always a bad thing.Sometimes it's just the foods we eat, including asparagus, alcohol, coffee, and garlic. But, if your urine smells like any of the following you should take note: • • A smell of ammonia could indicate dehydration.• A musty smell might mean liver disease.• A foul smell could indicate a bladder infection.• A sweet smell could mean diabetes. • 4. The average adult produces 6.3 cups of urine a day.The bladder can hold about 2.5 cups of urine at a time for up two to five hours. (That's slightly larger than a pint of beer.) And you'll usually start to feel the urge to pee when your bladder has about a cup full. • In comparison, a Clydesdale horse can urinate more than 72 cups a day — that's 4.5 gallons! And an elephant? A whopping 13 gallons or 208 cups.

7. Peeing on a jellyfish sting won't heal it.Sorry Friends fans, but this trick doesn't actually work. Instead, simply rinse the burn in hot water and apply a local anesthetic from your drugstore. • 8. Pee is good for the skin. Sort of.A synthetic version of urea (which is a component of urine) is often used in moisturizers because it softens skin and in higher doses can be used as an exfoliator. Urea can also treat athlete's foot. However, there isn't enough urea in actual urine to support rubbing it on your face, so stick to the store-bought versions instead. • 9. It can whiten your teeth.Ancient Roman doctors actually told their patients to rinse their mouths with pee for whiter teeth. And surprisingly, this wasn't an entirely crazy idea — the ammonia in urine can actually make your teeth whiter, but good luck finding the courage to swish it around in your mouth. • Ancient Romans also used pee as invisible ink to write secret messages. The words would show up when the paper was heated. And in pre-industrial times, urine was used in cleaning fluids because of the ammonia. • 10. You shouldn't drink your pee.If you happen to be lost in the desert without water, do not drink your urine. It's full of salt, which can actually make you more dehydrated instead of quenching your thirst. In fact, the US Army Field Manual strictly advises against drinking urine for survival. • 11. As a man ages, the speed of his urine stream declines.Up until age 50, men pee faster than women. But then it starts to decline and women take the lead.

13. Cat urine glows under a black light.Actually, a black light can be used to detect many bodily fluids, but cat pee, in particular, lights up under the light. It contains phosphorus, which glows in the presence of oxygen, even when a black light isn't on. • 14. The World Record for the longest pee is 508 seconds.That's almost 8.5 minutes.

Digestive System