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19 th Century Imperialism The “New” Imperialism. Europe’s Race to Grab the World. Monroe Doctrine 1823. After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America.
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19th Century ImperialismThe “New” Imperialism Europe’s Race to Grab the World
Monroe Doctrine 1823 • After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. • The Monroe Doctrine (issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823), alerted European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization by Europeans.
How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in Latin America? • Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. • The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine • The point of view expressed in this political cartoon is that U.S. foreign policy under the Monroe Doctrine protected the Western Hemisphere from hostilities overseas.
ImperialismAPS Standards • Essential Understandings: • Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. • These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success. • Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world. • Resistance to imperialism took many forms including armed conflict and intellectual movements.
ImperialismAPS Standards • Essential Knowledge • Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
ImperialismAPS Standards • Forms of imperialism • Colonies • Protectorates • Spheres of influence
ImperialismAPS Standards • Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.
ImperialismAPS Standards • Imperialism in Africa and Asia • European domination • European conflicts carried to the colonies • Christian missionary efforts • Spheres of influence in China • Suez Canal • East India Company’s domination of Indian states • American opening of Japan to trade
ImperialismAPS Standards • Responses of colonized peoples • Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China) • Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Forces Enabling African and Indian Imperialism • European technological superiority • Steamboats • Automatic machine gun • Locomotive • Telegraph • Europeans had the means to control their empires • Easy travel • Wide spread communication • African and Indian disunity • Huge variety of cultures • Fighting among cultures • Huge business interests and support from companies
Responses of Colonized Peoples • Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China) • Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Social Darwinist View of Imperialism • Some Europeans viewed imperialism as a moral responsibility to civilize what they considered primitive cultures
Why Imperialize? • Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. • These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success. • Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Vocabulary • Imperialism: Policy of building an empire to extend a nation's power and territory - when one country takes over another and its economy, culture and politics. • Colony: A settlement of people outside their homeland, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
Vocabulary • Protectorate: A country whose policies are guided by a foreign nation • Sphere of influence: An area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive rights to trade or invest • "Paternalism" comes from the Latin pater, meaning to act like a father, or to treat another person like a child
Nationalism • Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. • European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. • Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. • Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Suez Canal • Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean • In 1869, the Suez Canal was completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
Suez Canal • Great Britain controlled the canal. • Known by the British as their “Lifeline to India”
Colonial Administrative Styles • Direct Rule- Local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the European country • Did not attempt to preserve African political institutions • French, German and Portuguese style of colonial rule • Indirect Rule-Allowed local rulers to maintain positions of authority in the new colonial setting • British style of colonial rule
British Entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes • “We happen to be the best people in the world, with the highest ideals of decency and justice and liberty and peace, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for humanity.”
"The White Man's Burden" • Rudyard Kipling, a British author, wrote a poem called "The White Man's Burden". • It describes a sentiment that many Europeans had--that it was the duty of Imperial nations to "raise up" their colonies to European standards of living like: • Education, infrastructure, religion, clothing, etc.
The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.
Scramble for Africa • 1880 – Most of Africa consisted of independent states • 1914 – With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans
Berlin Conference 1884-1885 • A conference held in Berlin, Germany that divided the African continent in 50 irregular states among the European powers of: Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and France. • There were no Africans represented at the conference. • This division of territory did not take into account the thousands of tribes in Africa resulting in some tribes being torn apart and warring tribes now being the same borders.
Boer War-1899-1902 • An example of a European conflict carrying over to their colonies. • The Boer’s were Dutch farmer, also known as Afrikaners who were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas. • British, Dutch (Afrikaner, Boer), Zulu (Natives) fought for control of South Africa. • Britain wins.
British East India Company • The British East India Company had been given a monopoly of all English trade to Asia by royal grant at its foundation in 1600. • The British East India Company dominated trade in India of spices and then later, cotton and silk. • India was so profitable, it was called the “Jewel in the Crown.”
The Great Rebellion/Sepoy Mutiny • British East India company controlled much of India using Sepoys. • Sepoys- Indian soldiers, Hindu or Muslim, were hired by the British. • Rifle cartridges had to be greased with fat. • A soldier had to bite the covering off before the bullet could be inserted into a gun. • A rumor of the use of cow or pig fat was used as grease. • How was this a problem?
Indian Nationalist Party • Rise of nationalism in India led to the first Indian nationalist party • Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians
Trade in China • China was in a period of decline by the late 1700s • The Industrial Revolution in Europe created a need for raw materials and markets • Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders • Trade took place in a small area of southern China-Canton
Opium for Tea • There were no goods China wanted from the West. • The British discovered that they could trade the addictive drug opium (from India) for Chinese goods- tea, silk, porcelain. • The Chinese did not want opium imported to their country. • This conflict resulted in the Opium Wars. • The British won the Opium Wars with their superior technology.
The Opium Wars-Results1839–1842, 1856–1860 • Opium is made from a poppy- traditionally grown in India. • Opium is a highly addictive substance • British merchants made huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea • Many Chinese became addicted to the drug • Silver flowed out of China in payment for opium which disrupted the economy and destroyed lives.
