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Launching A New Nation!. Pages 282 - 301. Section 1 – Washington Takes Office. How did President Washington set the course for the new nation? How do modern-day President’s inaugurations differ from Washington’s? What were the new executive departments?
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Launching A New Nation! Pages 282 - 301
Section 1 – Washington Takes Office • How did President Washington set the course for the new nation? • How do modern-day President’s inaugurations differ from Washington’s? • What were the new executive departments? • Why was there such a large public/government debt? • How do compromises play an early role in the creation of our nation? • What was the cause of the Whiskey Rebellion?
The First President! • George Washington become our first President in April 1789. • Washington travels for eight days from his home in Virginia to New York City. • Washington’s inauguration is held on the steps of Federal Hall in New York City. • An inauguration is a ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office.
Washington’s Precedents • At his inauguration, Washington sets his first precedent by saying, “so help me god,” at the end of his oath of office. • A precedent is an example to be followed by other in the future. George Washington set many precedents as the first President. • Washington would go on to set more precedents during his reign as president. Some would fade, but many would be very significant.
Executive Branch • To help advise the president Congress issued three new executive departments. • These departments were not created in the Constitution, but Congress felt they were necessary to assist the president. • Congress set up three departments for the executive branch: Treasury, State, and War.
The Cabinet! • These three new departments became known as the Cabinet. • The Cabinet members are nominated by the President. Their job is to advise the President in specific areas. • The first Cabinet positions were: • Secretary of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton) • Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson) • Secretary of War (Henry Knox) • Attorney General (Edmund Randolph).
Responsibilities/Assignments of the Cabinet positions • The Cabinet members have specific responsibilities or assignments to focus on for the president. • Secretary of Treasury: Responsible for economic affairs • Secretary of State – Manage relations with foreign countries • Secretary of War – Oversee military activities • Attorney General – Advise the President on legal matters
Congress expands the Federal Government • Another major move Congress took to expand the Federal Government was the Judiciary Act of 1789. • The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a SupremeCourt of 6 justices, and established the nation’s courtsystem. • Since the Judiciary Act of 1789, we have added more justices to the Supreme Court. • The President has the power to expand the Supreme Court by adding new justices.
Economic Crisis • The major focus for the Federal government was the national debt. • The nation was deeply in debt, due to the money it borrowed during the AmericanRevolution. • The United States had to borrow money from countries like France and Spain to purchase weapons, supplies and other materials. • Whenever a person or government borrows money they are required to pay it back. (DEBT)
How do government borrow money? • Government’s borrow money just like individuals borrow money to purchase a new car or house. • Instead of calling this process a loan, it is called a bond. • The government issues bonds and banks, organizations, people and countries purchase these bonds. • A bond is a certificate issued by a government for an amount of money that the government promises to pay back with interest.
Alexander Hamilton’s Plan • Alexander Hamilton was in charge of organizing a plan to pay off all the bonds the United States government issued. • His plan consisted of three-parts: • 1. The Federal Government would fullypay all the federal and state debts. • 2. The Federal Government would charter a NationalBank for depositing government funds. • 3. The Federal Government would impose a high tax on goods imported into the country.
Need for Compromise! • The South was upset with Hamilton’s plan. • Majority of the southern states already made good on their debt. (They had paid off all of their debt) • They felt each state should be responsible for the debt they took on during the war. • Hamilton’s plan called for the nation to unite and pay off this debt together! • In order to come to an agreement a compromise was reached. • The South agreed to have the Federal Government repay the wartime debt in exchange for the nation’s capital to be built in the South.
National Bank • The second portion of Hamilton’s plan also caused an uproar. • Hamilton’s plan called for the creation of a privately owned bank of the United States. It would provide a safe place to deposit government funds. • The bank would be able to issue paper money that would serve as a national currency. • Many people felt creating a bank for the federal government was unconstitutional! • Unconstitutional is an action that is notpermitted by the Constitution.
The Whiskey Rebellion! • The third step of Hamilton’s plan nearly created another Shays’ Rebellion! • Hamilton’s third step was impose a high tax on goods imported into the country. • However, tax would only focus on cities near the Atlantic Ocean. • So, Congress came up with an additional tax. They focused on taxing individuals living in the back country. • Congress imposed a tax on all whiskey in hopes this tax would raisefunds for the Treasury.
Whiskey Rebellion! • Farmers were outraged by this new tax! • Farmers compared the whiskey tax to the hatedtaxes that Britain had imposed on the Colonies before the AmericanRevolution. • Many farmers organized protests and refused to pay the tax. • The farmers rebelled when officials in Western Pennsylvania tried to collect the whiskey tax. • They formed militias and started acting local courts and tax collectors. (Very similar to Shays’ Rebellion) • The Federal Government took action. Washington assembled a militia and led 13,000 troops to western Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion. • The Western Pennsylvanian Farmers fled without a fight. The federal government pardoned all the leaders that were captured.
What was the government’s reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion? • Washington responded to the Whiskey Rebellion by sending the militia to Pennsylvania • When the rebels heard that 13,000 troops were marching against them, they soon fled • Washington later pardoned the leaders of the Whiskey Rebellion
Section 2 – The Birth of Political Parties • How did two political parties emerge? • Why did many of the nation’s leaders dislike political parties? • How did Federalists and Republicans differ? • Which party won the presidency in 1796?
Factions • A faction was an organized political group. • Many of the nation’s leaders dislike political parties. • They saw factions as selfish groups that would be unconcerned with the well-being of the whole nation.
Republican Party of the 1700’s • Republicans felt that people should have political power. • Favored strong state government. • Emphasized agriculture. • Favored strict interpretation of Constitution. • Were Pro-French. • Opposed National Bank. • Opposed protective tariff.
Federalists Party • Federalists felt that the wealthy and educated should lead. • Favored strong central government. • Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade. • Favored loose interpretation of Constitution. • Were Pro-British. • Favored National Bank. • Favored protective tariff.
Political Party Leaders • The leader of the Republican party was Thomas Jefferson. • The leader of the Federalists party was Alexander Hamilton.
Precedent • A precedent is an example to be followed by others in the future. (Type of Tradition.) • In 1796, George Washington most significant precedent was his decision not to seek a third term. • This precedent was not broken until 1940. • This precedent was broken during the Great Depression in the United States and the beginning of World War II. The President who served a third term and then a fourth was Franklin D. Roosevelt.
1796’s Presidential Election • 1796, the President and Vice President were not elected together. • Instead, the candidate with the most votes became President and the second-place candidate became Vice President. • In 1796, John Adams became our second president. • His vice president was Thomas Jefferson. • John Adams was the Federalists nominee, so the Federalists remained in control of the presidency. • (George Washington was considered a Federalist.)
Section 2 – The Birth of Political Parties • How did two political parties emerge? • Why did many of the nation’s leaders dislike political parties? • How did Federalists and Republicans differ? • Which party won the presidency in 1796?
Section III – Troubles at Home and Abroad • How did the actions of Britain and France affect the United States? • How were the conflicting claims of settlers and Native Americans resolved? • What were Washington’s chief accomplishments?
Conflicts with Native Americans • The United States federal government tried to force Native Americans in the Northwest Territory to sell their lands. • In the 1790’s the Northwest Territory became a major issue. Native Americans were attacking settlers who were moving into Native American territories. • The United States government responded by sending in military forces to establish their claim to the land.
Winning the Northwest Territory • After suffering earlier setbacks the United States military forces were able to defeat the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. • This battle led to the Treaty of Greenville, where Native American nations gave up most of their lands in the Northwest Territory.
Foreign Affairs • In 1796, when war broke out between France and Britain the United States chose to remain neutral – NOT favoring either side in the dispute. • The United States wanted to trade with both sides. • However, each European country feared such trade would benefit the other. • Both countries began stopping American ships and seizing their cargoes.
Impressments • The action of impressments was used by the British. • The British were seizing the sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy. • As United States’ trading ships sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, British navy ships would stop them and take their sailors.
Jay Treaty • Washington sent John Jay to Britain to solve the issues of trade and impressments. • Jay returned with a treaty in 1795. • In the treaty, the United States agreed to pay debts owed to British merchants. • In return, Britain agreed to pay for the ships it had seized. • Britain also agreed to withdraw troops from the Northwest Territory and stop aiding Native Americans.
Reactions to the Jay Treaty • The Jay Treaty was designed to heal relations with Britain. • The treaty mainly focused on settling disputes of trade. However, the treaty did secure the Northwest Territory for the United States. • The Republicans were upset over the Jay Treaty (treaty with Britain in 1795). • While the Federalists welcomed the treaty, because it kept peace with Britain.
Washington Farewell Address • In 1796, President Washington published his farewell address to the American people. • First, Washington warned against political divisions in the United States. • The second point of Washington’s Farewell Address was to stay out of affairs in Europe.
Washington’s Presidency • Washington’s most significant accomplishments as President were: • The United States now had a functioning federalgovernment. • The economy was improving. • Washington had avoided war. • The British had been forced to leave their forts in the Northwest Territory.
Section III – Troubles at Home and Abroad • How did the actions of Britain and France affect the United States? • How were the conflicting claims of settlers and Native Americans resolved? • What were Washington’s chief accomplishments?
Section IV – The Presidency of John Adams • How did problems with France intensify the split between the Federalists and Republicans? • How did Adams settle differences with France? • What did the Alien and Sedition acts do? • Why did the issue of states’ rights arise at this time?
Conflicts with France • The French were angered by United States neutrality in the war between France and Britain. • France had hoped for the United States support, because the French helped the Americans during the American Revolution.
X, Y, Z Affair • In response to the French seizing American merchant ships, John Adams sent individuals to come up with an agreement with the French government. • President John Adams sent individuals to come up with an agreement with the French government. • The X, Y, Z affair was when agents of the French government demanded that the United States pay a bribe of $250,000.
Expanding the Executive Branch • John Adams convinced Congress to increase the size of the army and rebuild the navy. • Adams also convinced Congress to establish a separate executive department for the navy, which expanded the Presidential Cabinet.
Alien Act • The act directed at immigrants was the Alien Act. • The Alien Act increased the duration from 5 to 14 years that a person had to live in the United States to become a citizen.
Sedition Act • Sedition is an action/plan designed to overthrow a government. • The Sedition Act was the harshest law limiting freespeech. • The Sedition Act made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything insulting or false about the President, Congress or the government.
Reaction to Sedition Act • The Republicans disagreed with the Sedition Act, because they felt the act violated the Constitution, especially the First Amendment, which guarantees freedoms of speech.
Resolutions • Virginia’s and Kentucky’s resolutions stated that the Alien and SeditionActs were unconstitutional. • They declared that states had the right to declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional.
States’ Rights • When a state declares it will nullify a law passed by Congress, the state means it will NOT enforce the specific law. • The idea of states’ rights was the idea that the union binding “these United States” is an agreement between the states and that they therefore can overrulefederal law.
Section IV – The Presidency of John Adams • How did problems with France intensify the split between the Federalists and Republicans? • How did Adams settle differences with France? • What did the Alien and Sedition acts do? • Why did the issue of states’ rights arise at this time?