1. FINAL REVIEW • PART 1: • THE GODS

2. Mythos and Logos • Mythos = true, divine story • Logos = human discourse

3. Myth and…

4. HISTORIC BACKGROUND • 1600 – 1400 Minoan Prosperous sea-power • Linear A • 1400 – 1100 Mycenean Palace structures with monumental walls • Linear B • 1200 Trojan War • 1000 – 800 Dark Ages • 750 - 500 Archaic Period Homer, Hesiod • 500 - 323 Classical Period Plato

5. Linear B Used by the Mycenaeans Deciphered by Ventris and Chadwick Texts are in Greek Writing Systems • Linear A • Used by the Minoans • So far not deciphered

6. Troy • Located by H. Schliemann • 9 settlements found at Troy. • Troy 6 or 7 identified as the Homeric Troy.

7. Generations of Gods • 1. From Chaos emerged: • Gaia, Tartarus, Night, Erebus, Eros • 2. Gaia gave birth to • Uranus, Mountains, Pontus • 3. Uranus and Gaia had 18 Children • 3 Hekatonchires, 3 Cyclopes, 12 Titans

8. The Offspring of the Titans • Oceanus and Thetis/Tethis: • 50 daughters named Oceanides • 2. Hyperion and Theia: • Helios (Sun) Selene (Moon) Eos (Dawn) • Cronus and Rhea • Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, • Zeus

9. Cronus • - Castrated his father Uranus from whose blood Erinyes (Furies) were born • - Swallowed all his children except Zeus • Was castrated by Zeus and vomited his other children • Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Poseidon, Hades

10. Cronus Titans led by Atlas Titanomachy • Zeus • His siblings • Prometheus • Cyclopes • Hekatonchires

11. Giants, sons of Gaia Typhon Otus and Ephialtes Gigantomachy • Zeus

12. People created by Zeus or the Olympians: Generations - Gold (O) - Silver (O) - Bronze & Heroes (Z) - Iron (Z) Z. sends the flood Deucalion and Pyrrha throw stones People created by Prometheus P. steals fire P. deprives Zeus of a better part of the sacrifice Zeus sends Pandora Bird of pray eating P’s liver in Caucasus Creation of Human Beings

13. Anthropomorphic Gods • Human in form an character • Idealized mortals endowed with • - physical beauty • - intense emotions • - superhuman powers to: • * change shape • * become invisible • * fly

14. Divine anatomy • ICHOR = divine blood • NECTAR = divine drink • AMBROSIA = divine food

15. Gods of the Earth OlympiansChthonic Deities • Twelve major deities • Dwelling on Mt. Olympus

16. Nymphs • Female spirits who animate aspects of nature • Not necessarily immortal • NAIADS inhabit waters • DRYADS inhabit trees

17. FATES Personifications of Destiny • Parents: Zeus & Themis / Night & Erebus • CLOTHO: spins out the thread of life • LACHESIS: measures the thread • ATROPOS: cuts the thread

18. 14 MAJOR GREEK DEITIES • 6 Children of Cronus and Rhea: • Zeus, Poseidon, Hades • Demeter, Hestia, Hera • 7 children of Zeus • Hephaestus, Ares, Apollo, Artemis, Heremes, Athena, Dionysus, • Aphrodite

19. God of the sky Incarnation of justice and order Bearded man with a scepter and a bolt of lightening and thunder in his hand. Often carries his shield, the AEGIS Mother earth Presides over marriage Stately woman Accompanied by birds Often shown with Iris the goddess of Rainbow ZEUS & HERA

20. …and HERA Hephaestus, Ares, Hebe, Eileithyia …and LETO Apollo and Artemis …and METIS Athena …and MAIA Hermes …and SEMELE Dionysus SOME Children of Zeus

21. Version A Son of Hera alone Lame from birth Cast out of Olympus by Hera Version B Son of both Zeus and Hera Interfered on behalf of Hera Hurled down from Olympus by Zeus Fell on Lemnos Two stories about the birth and youth of HEPHAESTUS

22. “Adult” Life of Hephaestus • Restored to Olympus • Married Aphrodite • God of the forge and its fire • Assisted by the three Cyclopes • Created masterpieces

23. HEPHAESTUS, APHRODITE, AND ARES

24. GANYMEDES • Zeus kidnapped GANYMEDES • He became cupbearer to the gods

25. 6 out of 9 Muses Daughters of Zeus & Mnemosyne • CALLIOPE: epic poetry • ERATO: love poetry • MELPOMENE: tragedy • POLYHYMNIA: hymns • TERPSICHORE: dancing • URANIA: astronomy

26. Poseidon and Sea Deities • POSEIDON: anthropomorphic god of the sea • AMPHITRITE: Nereid, wife of Poseidon • PONTUS: “open sea” produced by Gaia • OCEANUS: the stream of Ocean • TRITON: son of Poseidon and Amphitrite • NEREUS: Old Man of the Sea 1 • PROTEUS: Old Man of the Sea 2

27. Pre-Olympian deity Old man of the sea Foretells the future Changes shape Fathered 50 daughters called NEREIDS, among them THETIS, GALATEA, and AMPHITRITE PROTEUS& NEREUS • Pre-Olympian deity • Old man of the sea • Foretells the future • Changes shape

28. PELEUS AND THETIS • Oracle: “Thetis will bear a son mightier than his father • Gods avoided her • Peleus, a mortal, become her husband • The wedding of Peleus and Thetis was famous • They became the parents of Achilles

29. Daughter of Poseidon and Gaia Drew in mountains of water and spewed them out again. Poseidon made advances to her Amphitrite turned her into a monster encircled with a ring of dog's heads SCYLLA & CHARYBDIS

30. ATHENA GODDESS OF WISDOM, WAR, AND WEAVING

31. ATHENAHer mother is Metis (“cunning”)Born from the head of Zeus, her father

32. THE CONTEST BETWEEN ATHENA AND POSEIDON • Object: Control of Athens and Attica • Poseidon produces a salt spring or a horse • Athena creates an olive tree and is proclaimed the victor

33. Athena’s titles • PARTHENOS, virgin of the citadel • PALLAS TRITOGENEIA she who accidentally murdered her friend Pallas daughter of Triton

34. ATHENA AND ARACHNE • ARACHNE challenged Athena to a weaving contest • Athena lost and turned her rival into a spider

35. APHRODITE

36. ATTENDANTS OF APHRODITE • CHARITES: 3 Graces • Feminine personifications of charm and loveliness. • HORAE: 2 or 4 Hours or Seasons

37. PRIAPUS • Son of Aphrodite and Ares/Hermes/Adonis personifies the elemental, sexual side of his mother's nature

38. PYGMALION • Pygmalion falls in love with his own creation, a sculpture of a woman named Galatea • Aphrodite gives live to the statue

39. APHRODITE AND ADONIS • Aphrodite’s love for Adonis • Adonis’s death • PERSEPHONE also falls in love with in Adonis • They have to share: Adonis will spend one part of the year below with Persephone and one part in the upper world with Aphrodite

40. EROS • EROS 1 came out of Chaos before the birth of Aphrodite. • EROS 2 the son of Aphrodite and Ares

41. The Twins • Children ofZEUS and LETO • Born on the island of DELOS • Both experts at archery • Together killed the 7 sons and daughters of NIOBE

42. Saw Artemis in her bath Was transformed into a stag His dogs tore him to pieces Who? • Tried to seduce Artemis • The goddess produced a scorpion that killed him

43. Who co-stars the following episodes of the story of Callisto? • Rape • Rejection • Giving birth • Becoming a bear • Near death as bear • Being promoted to a constellation

44. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTEMIS • Vehement virgin with characteristics of a fertility goddess • Moon-goddess linked with the lunar cycle and menstrual period • Goddess of nature itself personifying its pristine purity

46. SANCTUARY OF APOLLO AT DELPHI • Apollo chose a place under Mt. PARNASSUS for his oracle and temple. • He slew a dragon named PYTHO • Apollo given the epithet PYTHIAN, his prophetess, PYTHIA

47. Apollo sitting on the Omphalos • Silver tetradrachm from 3rd BCE

48. APOLLO'S LOVES

49. HYACINTHUS

50. Picked up the flute invented by Athena. Challenged Apollo to a contest Apollo won and he decided to flay him alive Dared to engage in a contest with Apollo TMOLUS the god of the mountain was the judge He declared Apollo the victor APOLLO’S MUSICAL CONTESTS