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FRIENDSHIP

FRIENDSHIP. “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. PREGNANCY AND BIRTH. PREGNANCY. PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: Palpation (~days 21-30): ‘walnuts’ Hormone assay Ultrasonography: 18-20

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FRIENDSHIP

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  1. FRIENDSHIP “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”

  2. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

  3. PREGNANCY • PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: • Palpation (~days 21-30): ‘walnuts’ • Hormone assay • Ultrasonography: 18-20 days past the LH peak • Radiography (~day 45 after LH peak) distinct gestational sacs average 1.5-3.5 cm between days 28-32 of pregnancy

  4. PREGNANCY • buy 16-40 tests (depending on how many you run at once) for $240 (one year shelf life). • If you only test dogs occasionally, then the price is pretty high.....how about ultrasound. • Witness Relaxin • 5 Tests/box • Room temperature storage • 10 minute running time • Cost $78/5 tests

  5. Ultrasound • 25 days • 49 • 55 • Optimum: 33 – 45 days • 200 beats/min

  6. Pregnant?

  7. PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

  8. PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/whelpingphotos.htm

  9. PREGNANCY • GESTATION: the period of pregnancy • DOGS: 59-68 • CATS: 56-69 • THREE STAGES OF LABOR: • 1ST:uterine contractions • 2nd:delivery of the newborn • 3rd:delivery of the placenta • Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

  10. PREGNANCY • SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION: • Nesting behavior:12-24 hours before • Inappetance • Panting, shivering • Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): <98°

  11. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining • Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I • Cervix dilates

  12. STAGE I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54A&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptc6RMBiiPw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN0W_ePUsUc&NR=1

  13. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn • Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above • Passing of fetal fluids • Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions (3-6 hours but, may be as long as 24 hours total) • 1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours • Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord • 20 minutes to 1 hour per puppy but, no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvkf0VDUv6c

  14. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS • The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons: • Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs • Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened • If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4 hours • If she has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born • More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain • If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours

  15. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II • Interval between births • Usually 5-120 minutes • Partuition should never be allowed to last more than 24 hours

  16. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta • pup-placenta-pup-placenta or pup-pup-placenta-placenta • Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus • Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea • Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

  17. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

  18. PREGNANCY • DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance • Causes: • Abnormal fetal position or size • Uterine inertia • Narrowed birth canal • Diagnosis: • Digital palpation of vagina • Radiographs • ultrasound

  19. PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA • TREATMENT: • Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged. • For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given • C-section

  20. PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR • DAM SHOULD: • Allow nursing • Grooming • Stimulate CV,RS function • Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material • retrieving • Protecting • DAM SHOULD NOT: • Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young • Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

  21. PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS • Agalactia: lack of milk production • Causes include; • Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection • Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in mastitis • Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland • Clinical signs: • Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

  22. PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS • Treatment for mastitis: • Antibiotics • Warm compresses • Do not allow nursing from affected glands

  23. OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: • PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus” • High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus: • hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus • Decreased myometrial contractions • Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection • Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

  24. PYOMETRA • CLINICAL SIGNS: • Vulvar discharge • Vomiting • Dehydration • PU/PD • Azotemia • DIAGNOSIS: • Radiology • Ultrasound • Bloodwork • Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed pyometra)

  25. PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

  26. PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

  27. PYOMETRA IN A RAT ..\P10021A.jpg C:\Users\BUNNY\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Low\Content.IE5\C9I4F8D5\P10021B[1].jpg

  28. VAGINITIS • Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious. Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis) VS. Adult vaginitis

  29. VAGINITIS • PUPPY VAGINITIS • Causes: • Inverted vulva • Hormonal fluctuations • Clinical signs: • Purulent vulvar discharge • +/- licking the vulva • Treatments: • systemic antibiotics • topical douching • Signs will return when treatment is discontinued • Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

  30. VAGINITIS Inverted vulva

  31. VAGINITIS • ADULT VAGINITIS • Causes: • Anatomical abnormalities • Canine herpesvirus • Clinical signs: • purulent vulvar discharge • +/- licking the vulva • peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection • Perceived urinary incontinence

  32. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE • Hyperplasia/prolapse • Occurs under the influence of estrogen • Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva • Treatment: • Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice • Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

  33. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

  34. MAMMARY TUMORS • Usually tumors of older intact females • ~50% of all tumors in female dogs • 3rd most common tumor in cats • Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1st heat) • 50% of canine tumors are benign • Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign

  35. MAMMARY TUMORS Malignant tumors are usually fast growing, Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are Often small and feel like a pea. Surgical removal is advised for all Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required To differentiate benign from malignant tumors

  36. OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY • Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus http://www.lbah.com/canine/spay.html

  37. References • Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of Companion Animals • http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Beimborn/index.php • http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&sk=&date= • http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eiltslotus/Theriogenology-5361/the_normal_canine.htm

  38. References • http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9923

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