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Summary Skills Lecture

Learn the essential skills and techniques to score full marks in summary questions. Understand how to identify key points, select relevant information, arrange material, and paraphrase effectively. Get valuable tips from Cambridge markers and improve your summary writing abilities.

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Summary Skills Lecture

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  1. Summary Skills Lecture

  2. From the mouth of your Cambridge markers… Candidates who reproduced satisfactorily 80% or more of Woolgar’s arguments were judged worthy of full marks! (Nov 2005) The good news is… Most of you are already scoring very well for the Summary Question…and today, we will review the skills to help you score full marks!!!

  3. (1) Before attempting the summary, ask yourself… 1(a) What is the ____________ on the topic? writer’s stand This is important so that when we paraphrase the points in the passage, we will correctly reflect the writer’s stance. 1 (b) How much time do I have to write the summary? 20 min

  4. Remember: ASAP • Appreciate question requirements • Select relevant information • Arrange your material • Paraphrase

  5. (2) (a) Underline/highlight the _______________ & __________________ ASAP: APPRECIATE QUESTION REQUIREMENTS Topic keywords Instructional keywords Where "What/ Who/ Why" How many words 2 (b) Note that there may be _____________ parts to the question. You must devote equal emphasis to all parts of the Q. 2 or more

  6. Worked Example 1- Nov 2002 P2 e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2002, Paper 2) Using only the arguments and facts from line 1 to 47 of the article, summarize the case for believing that the increased use of Singlish and declining standards of English fare harmful to the interests of Singapore as a whole and to some of its citizens in particular. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible.

  7. Worked Example2- Nov 2003 P2 e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2003, Paper 2) Using material from Paragraphs 2 AND 5, in no more than 150 words, summarise the author’s reasons for believing that animals have no rights, and his account of the ‘natural’ relationship of humans and animals.

  8. Worked Example 3- Nov 2004 P2 • e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) • Summarise the benefits the author sees in choice. Using material from paragraphs 1-4, write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are given below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8]

  9. Worked Example 4- Nov 2005 P2 • e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2005, Paper 2) • In paragraph 5, the author draws two conclusions about aggression. Using material from the first four paragraphs of the passage (lines 1-51), summarise the case the author makes to justify these conclusions. Write your summary In no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible.

  10. (3) Finding the points… ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION (3a) Note the mark allocation (usually 7-8 marks) => Find about _______ points (3b)Write down the summary question on the page where the passage is so you can ______ back to the question. (3c) _________ the points & _________ keywords that need to be paraphrased. . 14-16 refer highlight Number

  11. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION 3 (d) GP summaries are summaries of _____________- NOT ____________ 3 (f) Do not bring in your_____ thoughts or opinions your goal is to present the ideas of the writer. arguments examples own

  12. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION Cohesive devices 3 (e) Comb sentence by sentence and look for _____________ that distinguish one point from another (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  13. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION 3 (g) ____________ are generally omitted, or grouped under generic nouns. Examples (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  14. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION 3 (g)However, if the point is in the example, and the point is not mentioned elsewhere, it needs to be __________ into a point. converted • e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2005, Paper 2) • In paragraph 5, the author draws two conclusions about aggression. Summarise the case the author makes to justify these conclusions.

  15. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION irrelevance 3 (h) Omit __________- if it doesn’t answer the question, leave it out! GCE A Level 2002 Paper 2: Summarize the case for believing that the increased use of Singlish and declining standards of English are harmful to the interests of Singapore as a whole and to some of its citizens in particular

  16. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION repetition 3 (h) Omit ___________ – if it is the same point, leave it out! However, if it is an ____________ of the same point, keep it! extension (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  17. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION repetition 3 (h) Omit ___________ – if it is the same point, leave it out! However, if it is an ____________ of the same point, keep it! extension (GCE AO level, Nov 2003, Paper 2) Summarise the author’s reasons for believing that animals have no rights…

  18. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION repetition 3 (h) Omit ___________ – if it is the same point, leave it out! However, if it is an ____________ of the same point, keep it! extension (GCE AO level, Nov 2003, Paper 2) Summarise the author’s account of the ‘natural’ relationship of humans and animals.

  19. ASAP: SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION 3 (i) You may need to_________ the point to fit the question tweak e.g. (GCE AO level, Nov 2002, Paper 2) Summarize the case for believing that the increased use of Singlish and declining standards of English fare harmful to the interests of Singapore as a whole and to some of its citizens in particular.

  20. ASAP: ARRANGE YOUR POINTS Arrange (4) _____________ the material by putting related points together and arranging them in an appropriate order. 4 (a) Follow the order given in the passage, or 4 (b) Follow the sequence as set out in the question. 4 (c) Use ________________to signal shift between categories of points and to signal one point to another. 4(d) It’s best to write _____ point in one sentence . Transitional devices 1

  21. List of useful connectors • Adding information: Besides, equally important, further, in addition • Emphasising: Certainly, especially, in particular, principally, surely, undoubtedly, without exception • Indicating consequences: As a result, hence, therefore, thereby, thus, consequently • Making comparison/ expressing contrast : Similarly, by comparison, in contrast, yet, conversely, on the other hand • Expressing concession: Naturally, paradoxically, unexpectedly • Sequencing information: Secondly, finally, lastly • Summaring and generalising: Basically, in brief, in essence, generally, to conclude, to sum up, essentially, fundamentally

  22. ASAP: PARAPHRASE YOUR POINTS (5)In paraphrasing… 5(a) Be concise 5 (b) Be precise 5 (c) Get an overview of the relevant points, and ________________; do not give 1-word substitutions or use the cut and paste method- it will result in a disjointed, oddly phrased sentence – “summary English” Rephrase the idea

  23. ASAP: PARAPHRASE YOUR POINTS An example of ‘word-for-word substitution’: (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  24. ASAP: PARAPHRASE YOUR POINTS answer 5 (d) Change the keywords in the passage that supply the __________to the question 5 (e) Keywords cannot be repeated in their different ________________, e.g. production, produced, producing are all part of the same root word ‘produce’, and cannot be used in the paraphrase. Parts of speech

  25. ASAP: PARAPHRASE YOUR POINTS An example of how to identify and paraphrase keywords: (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  26. The final bits… Count & write down 6(a) _______________ the number of words used. Add or cut as necessary. (You should aim for + 10 words) If you exceed the word limit, it is a sign that you have extraneous material. If you can’t reach it, you have not picked up all the points. hyphenated word -1 word; contractions - 2 words

  27. 6 (b) Check that your summary is accurate in terms of interpreting the writer’s argument. 6 (c) Check that your summary is accurate in terms of interpreting the writer’s tone & stance on the issue. 6(d) Finally, check for grammar, spelling and punctuation.

  28. (GCE AO level, Nov 2004, Paper 2) Summarise the benefits of choice…

  29. Summary Checklist • Have you ascertained the writer’s stand on the issue? • Have you Appreciated the question requirements – topic & instructional keywords; relevant paragraphs; number of words; parts to the question? • Have you Selected the appropriate material –Combed sentence by sentence and look for transition words that distinguish one point from another; converted examples into points or grouped them under generic nouns;Omit irrelevance & repetition; rephrased the point to fit the question; only summarised the writer’s ideas and not your own? • Have you Arranged your points in a logical fashion? Used connectors where necessary? Kept to 1-2 points per sentence? • Have you Paraphrased the keywords for each point? Were you concise? Precise? Tweaked the points to answer the question? Avoided summary English? • Have you written down the number of words? Have you checked the choice of words for accuracy of the point and also for the tone of voice? Have you checked for grammatical and spelling errors?

  30. THE END

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