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affiliation

affiliation. wanting to be with others. levels of explanation. genetic physiological learning cognitive social. genetic. wired-in affiliation caused by other genetic factors. physiological. dependent when born need everything late adulthood. learning. reinforced by others

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affiliation

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  1. affiliation wanting to be with others

  2. levels of explanation • genetic • physiological • learning • cognitive • social

  3. genetic • wired-in affiliation • caused by other genetic factors

  4. physiological • dependent when born • need everything • late adulthood

  5. learning • reinforced by others • food, warmth, comfort, attention, games • punished when alone • hungry, cold, uncomfortable

  6. cognitive • expect rewards when with others • understand their roles

  7. social comparison theory • leon festinger • evaluate by comparison • learn by comparison • compare to similar others • compare when uncertain

  8. predictions • fear and uncertainty • make afraid and uncertain • increase affiliation

  9. experiment • more afraid or less afraid • expect electric shock • mild or painful • wait alone or with others

  10. results • more afraid more affiliation

  11. affiliate with whom? • theory says similar others • comparing with them more helpful • too different tells you little

  12. similar others • others waiting for study • others waiting for another study • wait alone or together • when afraid, prefer together • but only with similar others

  13. individual differences • birth order • first borns more external • psychotherapy - not alcohol • not fighter pilots

  14. first borns and affiliation • when afraid, first borns rely more on social comparison • compare first and later borns • effects mainly for first borns

  15. WHAT MAKES IT SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF DATA

  16. DESCRIBE METHOD IN DETAIL • DATA IS RECORDED CAREFULLY

  17. UNSYSTEMATIC? • UNREPRESENTATIVE • BIASED NOTICING OR MEMORY • BIASED PERCEPTION • CANNOT BE REPEATED EXACTLY

  18. SYSTEMATIC • REMOVES BIASES • CAN BE EVALUATED • CAN BE REPEATED

  19. METHODS OF RESEARCH

  20. WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA • OBSERVATION • ASKING • BEHAVIOR • ARCHIVE

  21. TYPES OF RESEARCH • OBSERVATIONAL - DESCRIPTIVE • CORRELATIONAL • EXPERIMENTAL

  22. OBSERVATIONAL • ANIMAL BEHAVIOR • MAINLY DESCRIBE • RATES AND TYPES OF BEHAVIOR • NOT CAUSATION

  23. CORRELATIONAL • WHAT GOES WITH WHAT? • A GOES WITH B

  24. POSITIVE CORRELATION

  25. NEGATIVE CORRELATION

  26. NO CORRELATION

  27. TV VIOLENCE AGGRESSION • AGGRESSION TV VIOLENCE • TV VIOLENCE • FACTOR C • AGGRESSION

  28. FACTOR C???? • AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY • LATCHKEY KIDS, SINGLE PARENTS • AGGRESSIVE PARENTS • ????

  29. EXPERIMENTS • TWO OR MORE CONDITIONS • PREFERABLY QUITE SIMILAR • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(S) • DEPENDENT VARIABLE (S) • RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

  30. WHY SO GREAT? CAUSALITY

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