Bellringer

1. Bellringer • Write down information you remember about cotton, cattle, and railroads from the scavenger hunt last week.

2. Bellringer • Pre- AP: Get out a pen or pencil • Regular: Get out a highlighter or pencil.

3. Bellringer • What years does cotton, cattle, and railroads cover?

4. Bellringer • The development of ranching instead of farming in West Texas was primarily influenced by what?

5. Bellringer • What was the nickname given to African- Americans trying to keep peace with the natives?

6. Quickly… • Find your answer sheet from the test on Friday • Pick up a Cotton, Cattle, and Railroad notes packet • Have something to grade your test with

7. Answers 1. D 2. B(G) 3. B 4. B(G) 5. C 6. B(G) 7. C 8. A(F) 9. D 10. B(G) 11. D 12. B(G) 13. D 14. D(J) 15. C 16. B(G) 17. D 18. B(G) 19. C 20. B(G)

8. Cotton, Cattle, & Railroads

9. Vocabulary • Commercial Agriculture: producing crops for sale. • Immigrant: a person who comes to a country to settle. • Sharecropper: a tenant farmer who receives a share of the value of the crop, minus charges for rent and other expenses. • Subsistence Agriculture: producing all goods needed by the farm family, usually with a little extra for sale.

10. Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads • 1860-1900 is the time span that cattle drives and wars with the Native Americans took place.

11. Native Americans • By 1850 nearly all Native Americans had been removed from the settled eastern part of Texas. In the western region of Texas, the Natives fought to keep settlers from moving westward. • There were several battles between Comanche, Apaches, Kiowas, and the U.S. Army. • The Native Americans were eventually forced to move to reservations in Oklahoma. • Native Americans were the group of people who adapted to their environment with the fewest modifications.

12. The Outlier • What adjectives would you use to describe the mood of this painting?

13. Quanah Parker • Parker was the last Chief of the Comanche's and a skilled warrior. His tribe roamed west Texas. • His parents were Cynthia Ann Parker and Chief Peta Nacona. His mother was captured by the Comanche as a small child and raised by them. • Parker eventually surrendered after evading capture by the U.S. cavalry. He assimilated to American Culture and influenced other Native Americans to do the same.

14. Buffalo Soldiers • Six regiments of African Americans were formed after the Civil War and they helped to keep the peace among the Kiowas, Comanche's, and other Native American tribes in the west. • The African Americans who helped keep the peace were nicknamed Buffalo Soldiers by the Native Americans. This was a title of great respect.

15. The Spanish Introduce Cattle • The first cattle brought to America arrived on the ships of Spanish explorers in the 1500s. Some of the cattle escaped from the range, and herds of wild cattle eventually grazed throughout parts of Texas. • Cattle trails were used to get cattle to the railroads which took them to the markets in the northern states. • The end of the Civil War affected the cattle industry because the demand for beef in the East brought rapid growth to the industry.

16. Texas Cattle • Raising cattle began on the open range, public land that could be used by anyone. • Vaqueros, cowboys, herded and drove cattle into pens they called corrales. Cattle were then branded with a hot iron to show ownership. • Cattle ranching occurred in west Texas while cotton fields were grown in east Texas. • Ranching occurred in west Texas instead of farming because there were little water resources in the west.

17. Texas Cattle Trails • Cattle trails were developed to transport cattle to the railroads. A consequence of this was that it led to the development of railroads and towns in less developed areas. • The Shawnee trail was the earliest trail used by cattle ranchers. • After the Civil War, several trails were added to support the growing cattle industry in Texas.

18. Life on the Trail • Cattle Drives began with a roundup • Cowboys branded unmarked cattle • could take weeks • Scouts rode in front of the herd to select the best route • Usually north • would depend on availability of water and grass • alert the trail boss of dangers • The Trail boss had complete authority over all the cowhands

19. Cowboys had specific duties: • -Pointers – directed the cattle • -Flankers – rode on the side to kept the cattle from straying • -Drag Position – rode in the rear to keep the cows from straying behind • Wranglers took care of the extra horses called the remuda • Cowboys switched horses two to three times a day

21. Open to closed range • Barbed wire was developed so that cattle would not trample small farm crops and fences. • Windmills and railroads also lead to the close of open ranges because ranchers no longer had to have access to waterways.

22. Driving cattle was hard and dangerous work. Some of the dangers included: -Bad weather or predators could cause the herd to stampede -Indians would occasionally attack - Lightning from thunderstorms due to lack of shelter

23. Famous Ranches • King Ranch • 614,000 acres (near Kingsville) • Established by Richard King • JA Ranch • 100,000 cattle and million acres • Established by Charles Goodnight • XIT Ranch • (stands for “ten in Texas” because it spreads out over 10 counties) • Over 3 million acres • Land was sold in exchange for a new capital building for the Texas Government in Austin.

24. Range Wars • Farmers and ranchers battled between each other. They cut and destroyed fences and burned pasture land resulting in gunfights and lower property values. • Causes: control of water rights; use of barbed wire; and the raising of sheep.

25. How was King Cotton important the Texas Economy? • Cotton was called King Cotton, because it was the biggest cash crop • Along with cattle, agriculture was very important to the post-civil war economy • Cotton was grown in east Texas.

26. The Post-War Economy • Texans had invested a lot of money into Confederate bonds to help pay for the war. After the war these bonds were worthless • Businesses sold goods to the confederacy on credit. • This caused many businesses to fall into financial ruin when the war was over and ruined the economy

27. Subsistence Agriculture • Because of the financial hard times, families started small farms to get by. • Most farmers ran subsistence farms. This means they grew just enough food to feed their families and had little to sell or barter. • But to farm you needed land and most Texans didn’t own any. • Because there was no more slavery, big plantation owners need workers to work their land.

28. Tenant Farming • The practice of tenant farming was started. • Tenant farmers rent land from large land owners. • 38% of all farms in 1880 were tenant farms

29. Sharecroppers • Another way to rent land was sharecropping. • Farmers with no money to rent land would instead pay for the land with a share of the season’s crop. • Freedman would mostly do this since they had little money. • Sharecroppers who supplied only their labor typically received half the crops. • It was very tough for a sharecropper to get ahead.

31. Innovations • Windmills: • Windmills pumped water to the surface for settlers and their livestock. Almost every farm had a windmill. • Windmill became a symbol of civilization on the plains • While windmills of the past assisted in early water production for agriculture, irrigation is a water solution for delivering water to dry, arid land today.

32. Innovations • Railroads: • Allowed farmers to move goods faster and cheaper. • Between 1876 and 1885 the railroads rapidly expanded in Texas. • The growth of railroads led to the end of cattle drives and open ranges; new cities grew along the rail lines; and Texas moved from subsistence farming to commercial farming.

33. Factors for Westward Expansion • Removal of Native Americans • Growth of the railroads • Development of the oil industry. • Keep in mind that automobiles did NOT contribute urbanization in the 1800s.

34. James S. Hogg • He was a former Texas governor. • He set up the Texas railroad commission. • He protected citizens from unfair business practices.