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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Making ATP. Cellular Respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP Photosynthesis captures the energy of light and traps it in sugars In Cell Respiration the energy in a sugar is used to make ATP.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Making ATP

  2. Cellular Respiration Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP Photosynthesis captures the energy of light and traps it in sugars In Cell Respiration the energy in a sugar is used to make ATP

  3. The two most important equations you will ever have to know (at least while your in this class)

  4. Cell Respiration Preview

  5. Anaerobic Respiration (O2 absent) Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic Respiration (O2 present) Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis Occurs with or without oxygen

  6. Reduction / Oxidation

  7. Glycolysis The breaking apart of a monosaccharide (sugar) to form two 3-carbon molecules known as pyruvate. 2 ATP are formed and an energy rich electron is donated to NAD+. Reactants = 6-carbon sugar (glucose) 2 ATP 2 NAD+ Products = 2 x 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate) 4 ATP 2 NADH

  8. Glycolysis 4 steps… • Phosphorylation • 2 ATP donate phosphate groups to sugar • Lysis • 6-C(arbon) sugar is broken into 2 3-C compounds called pyruvate • Redox (reduction/oxidation) • Electrons are released and accepted by NAD+ to form NADH • ATP Formation • ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation

  9. Phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group, requires ATP Lysis: sugar split in half Oxidation: loss of electron, accepted by NAD+, becomes NADH ATP formation: ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation

  10. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

  11. The Link Reaction Before pyruvate can enter Kreb’s cycle it must be converted to acetyl-CoA • Redox (reduction/oxidation) • High energy e-donated from pyruvate to NAD+ • Decarboxylation • The removal of carbon

  12. The Kreb’s Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle) • Location: mitochondrial matrix • Purpose: remove high energy e- from organic molecules

  13. Requires: 8 different enzymes 1 acetyl-CoA (2 c) 3 NAD+ 1 FADH 1 Oxaloacetate (4-c) 1 ADP Produces 1 Oxaloacetate 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP 2 CO2 Kreb’s Cycle

  14. Electron Transport Chain A series of proteins embedded in the inner-membrane of the mitochondria Uses energy from electrons to pump protons into inter-membrane space Chemiosmosis Utilizes proton gradient set up by ETC Requires ATP synthase Couples proton diffusion with synthesis of ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation

  15. Electron Transport Chain • Electron carriers (NADH & FADH2) donate electrons to protein in membrane • Electrons are passed down protein chain • When electron is passed it loses energy • Loss of energy is used to pump protons from matrix to inter-membrane space • The final destination for the electron is O2 • O2 + 4e- + 4H+ = 2 H2O

  16. Chemiosmosis

  17. ATP Synthase

  18. Anaerobic Respiration Making energy without oxygen

  19. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation • Occurs after glycolysis when oxygen is absent • In yeast pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2 • In humans lactic acid is produced • Functions to recycle NAD+, which is required for glycolysis

  20. ATP is produce by glycolysis • NADH must be recycled to accept more electrons • Pyruvate accepts e- from NADH, thus recycling NAD+

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