1. BASIC AIRWAY MANAGEMENT

2. Basic Airway Objectives Upon completion the student will be able to: • Describe the anatomy of the airway and the physiology of respiration. • Explain the primary objective of airway maintenance • Identify commonly neglected prehospital skills related to the airway • Describe assessment of the airway and the respiratory system • Describe the modified forms of respiration and list the factors that affect respiratory rate and depth • Discuss the methods for measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and their prehospital use.

3. Basic AirwayObjectives • Define and explain the implications of partial airway obstruction with good and poor air exchange and complete airway obstruction • Describe the common causes of upper airway obstruction, including: • Tongue • Foreign body aspiration • Laryngeal spasm • Laryngeal edema • Trauma

4. Basic AirwayObjectives • Describe complete airway obstruction maneuvers, including: • Heimlich maneuver • Removal with Magill forceps • Describe causes of respiratory distress, including: • Upper and lower airway obstruction • Inadequate ventilation • Impairment of respiratory muscles • Explain the risk of infection associated with airway management and ventilation

5. Basic AirwayObjectives • Describe manual airway maneuvers including: • Head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver • Jaw-thrust maneuver • Modified jaw-thrust maneuver • Discuss the indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, complications, special considerations, equipment, and techniques of the following: • Upper airway and tracheo-bronchial suctioning • Naso-gastric and oro-gastric tube insertion

6. Basic AirwayObjectives • Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway • Ventilating a patient by mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, mouth-to-mask, one/two/three person bag-valve mask, flow-restricted oxygen-powered ventilation device, automatic transport ventilator • Compare the ventilation techniques used for an adult patient to those used for pediatric patients, and describe special considerations in airway management and ventilation for the pediatric patient

7. Basic AirwayObjectives • Identify types of oxygen cylinders and pressure regulators, and explain safety considerations of oxygen storage and delivery, including steps for delivering oxygen, from a cylinder and regulator • Describe the indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, complication, liter flow range, and concentration of delivered oxygen for the following supplemental oxygen delivery devices: • Nasal cannula • Simple face mask

8. Basic AirwayObjectives • Partial rebreather mask • Nonrebreather mask • Venturi mask • Describe the use, advantages, and disadvantages of an oxygen humidifier

9. ADMINISTRATION Oxygen is the most important drug that we can give a patient. Without it, the body’s cells die and thus the patient dies also. • Room air contains approximately 21-30% oxygen

10. ADMINISTRATION • Usually stored in steel cylinders - colored GREEN • Sizes and Capacity: * “D” 350 L * “E” 600 L * “M” 3,000 L • Pressure: 2,000-2,200 psi

11. ADMINISTRATION Flow Meter (Two Types) • Pressure Compensated * Small ball in a calibrated tube; affected by gravity, measures actual delivered flow; found in Units mounted on wall. • Bourdon Gauge * Not affected by gravity; records a higher reading when an obstruction blocks tubing; used on portable O2 tanks

12. ADMINISTRATION • Nasal Cannula: 2-6 lpm; 25-50% • Basic Mask: 6-10 lpm; 35-60% • Partial Rebreather: 10 & higher lpm; 60% • Non Rebreather: 10 & higher lpm; 60-95% • Demand Valve: 100 lpm; 100% • BVM: 0 lpm 21% 15 w/o reservoir 50% 15 w/reservoir up to 95%

21. MANUAL TECHNIQUES • Head Tilt/Chin Lift Opens most common cause of obstruction, the tongue

23. MANUAL TECHNIQUES • Modify for suspected spinal injury: 1. Tongue/jaw lift 2. Modified jaw thrust

25. BODY POSITION • Left or right lateral positioning of a patient aids airway maintenance by allowing fluids/vomitus to drain out • Only to be used when spinal injury is NOT suspected • If spinal injury is suspected, the patient must be secured solidly to a rigid board so that the body can be turned to the side as a total unit.

27. OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAY (OP AIRWAY) • Semicircular, disposable and made of hard plastic. Guedel and Berman are the frequent types. • Guedel is tubular and has a hollow center. • Berman is solid and has channeled sides. • Displaces the tongue away from the posterior pharyngeal wall.

29. OP AIRWAY Even when in place, it is necessary to maintain manual positioning of the airway by a head-tilt, chin-lift or jaw-thrust maneuver. INDICATIONS • Adjunct for airway control, determines presence of gag reflex. • Unconscious/unresponsive

30. OP AIRWAY INDICATIONS • Remove the airway if patient regains a gag reflex • May be inserted as a bite block after successful intubation

31. OP AIRWAY SIZING • Hold the airway next to the side of the patient's face and measuring the length of the airway from the corner of the mouth to the tip of the earlobe, • Center of the mouth to the angle of the mandible.

32. INSERTION • Choose the appropriate size • Open the airway • Insert the airway: 1. Using a tongue blade. Preferred method in children. 2. Insert upside down and rotate into place. Not to be used in children.

33. COMPLICATIONS • With intact gag reflex could cause vomiting. • Laryngospasm • Inappropriate size: 1. To Long: may push the epiglottis closed over the glottic opening, causing complete airway obstruction 2. To Short: May be easily displaced, distal opening may become obstructed by tongue

34. COMPLICATIONS • May occur from insertion. Improperly placed may push the tongue back into the pharynx and cause obstruction. • Aggressive insertion may cause trauma to the upper airway and bleeding. • The lumen of the tube is not large enough to allow for suctioning. Suctioning must be performed around the tube.

38. NASOPHARYNGEAL AIRWAYNP AIRWAY • A curved hollow tube constructed of soft plastic or rubber with a bevel at the distal end and a flange or flare at the proximal end. • This airway is less likely to stimulate gagging and vomiting because the pliable tube moves and flexes as the patient swallows.

39. NP AIRWAY • It may be used in a patient who is breathing but needs assistance in maintaining a patent airway. • The distal tip sits at the posterior pharynx while the proximal flare is seated on the external nare.

40. NP AIRWAY • Still requires manual airway maneuvers be maintained during its use.

42. NP AIRWAY • Indications: 1. When OP is not able to be inserted 2. Airway of choice in spontaneously breathing, but less responsive patient needing airway control. • Sizing 1. Proximal end of the tube at the tip of the nose and the distal end at the earlobe

44. NP AIRWAY • Technique of Insertion * Needs to be lubricated. * Proper size * Advance with bevel toward the septum * If patient is breathing you should feel airflow when placed properly. * If you meet resistance, remove and use other nare.

46. NP AIRWAY • Complications * Improper size and too long could end up in the esophagus * Too short could be occluded by the tongue * Laryngospasm * Trauma

47. ESOPHAGEAL TRACHEAL COMBITUBE • It has a double lumen. • The two lumens are separated by a partition. • One tube is sealed at the distal end, and there are perforations in the area of the tube that would be in the pharynx.

48. COMBITUBE • When the long tube is in the esophagus, the patient is ventilated through this short tube • The long tube is open at the distal end, and it has a cuff that is blown up to seal the esophagus or the trachea • If the long tube goes into the esophagus, the cuff is inflated and the patient is ventilated through the short tube.

49. COMBITUBE • If the long tube goes into the trachea, the cuff is inflated and the patient is ventilated through the long tube.

50. COMBITUBE/ESSENTIALS • Use only in patients who are unresponsive and without protective gag reflex • Do not use in any patient with injury to the esophagus and children below 15 • Pay attention to placement • Insert gently and without force • Remove once patient regains consciousness