Making the south pacific white

1. Making the south pacific white Why convicts? Why transportation? Why Australia?

2. Once you begin to chart the world,it only makes sense

3. 18C Geopolitics ‘the Defeat of the French Fireships attacking the British fleet at Quebec, 1759’ Serres (Library and Archives Canada,C-4291) • necessitates: expenditures Sergeant James Thompson (Fraser’s Highlanders) claymore carried into battle on the plains of Abraham (CWM 19720103-006) administrative and legislative power

4. Looking further: geopolitical posturing commerce scientific query“... farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go.” James Cook (1728-79)

5. First Voyage (1768-71) - as Lieutenant Cook the Admiralty and the Royal Society sponsored jointly • a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti • search for the believed to be ‘great southern continent’, Terra Australis Incognita (looked for since the 16C) • on a converted Whitby collier, the Endeavour

6. Second Voyage (1772-75)- as Commander Cookon the Resolutionscientists and artists and chronometers practical solution to the problem of determining longitude at sea closer to the South Pole than any previous navigator, touched on Tahiti and New Zealand Easter Island the Marquesas Islands Tonga New Hebrides

7. Third Voyage (1776-80)Fellow of the Royal Societyand Copley Prize North Pacific navigable NW passage? charted NW coast ‘discovered’ Hawaiian Islands killed on his return, at Kealakekua Bay 14 February 1779 perhaps regarded the god Lono and broke tradition perhaps due to his nasty temper argument on beach and stabbed

8. Consequences • study ‘natives’ → uneasy relationships and misunderstanding broke local customs bought venereal disease, alcohol and guns • new standards → extent and accuracy of his surveys natural history astronomy oceanography philology and much else new disciplines of ethnology/anthropology • protected crew → cleanliness and ventilation cress, sauerkraut, orange extract exacting science

9. Settler identities in Australia Gendering transportation Criminalizing poverty Race and nation

10. Transportation • Many more men than women • Property crimes >> personal injury • Political prisoners • All trades represented [including architects] necessary to build a colony • Terrible corporal punishment

11. Add pictur here But eventually, land grant ‘man’ in society

12. Convict women“the pest and gangrene of colonial society” • Convicted for: • their transportation/ work experience: • Described as: • Disciplined by: ‘Rajah’ Quilt National Gallery of Australia

13. And resisted:Parramatta Female Factory • literate, 180 trade skills • 60% - 1st offence • 1200 women in factory built for 300 • stone-breaking, spinning, needlework and laundry • gagging; head-shaving • 1827 – Australia’s first Industrial Action food riot • remembered

14. Role of women • work • at home ‘she carried out her duties as mistress of a small family with ‘piety, patience, frugality and industry’’ • either m.c. women were that, or w.c. women worked at jobs that used those skills

15. ‘by the 1740s over half the laboring pop. had shifted to some form of manufacturing…’‘use of steam only relative to manual labor’steam not the prime energy source for manufacturing until the 1870s Bryant and May Match Factory workers, 1888

16. ‘Making’ the perfect worker

17. The Poor Lawscontrol, reform and utility of person Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714Birmingham workhouse (1860s)‘archway of tears’

18. Booth’s Poverty Mapstreet-by-street maps drawn to represent levels of poverty and wealth found by survey investigators YELLOW: upper-middle and upper classes. wealthy. RED: middle class; well-to-do PINK: fairly comfortable. good ordinary earnings BLUE: poor. 18s. to 21s. pw for a moderate family BLACK: very poor vicious, semi criminal

19. Bamstead Cottage Homes

20. A Nova Scotia Connection Quarriers Village Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland

21. And other ‘waifs and strays’? Rockwood Mill, est. 1867

22. The ‘real’ Australiawasn’t emptyKate Grenville The Secret River (2005) 400+ indigine groups 250 languages evidence to 40 000 BCE + 1/3 to 9/10 deaths Residential School history 1967 enumeration to vote

23. Aboriginessubject to horrific treatment Why? enlightenment thinking (theory) experiential ‘observation’ Early: kidnapping for observation, sex, work raids disease and malnutrition 1850s: Aboriginal Protection Societies Responsible Governance way of life destroyed: economic, cultural official policies to de-populate to 1960s Different: Maori

24. Māori and tāmoko Sir Apirana TurupaNgata

25. Nātepūkatoatētahi, kataurekarekatētahi. The musket determined who was warrior and who was slave. The Treaty of Waitangi (1842) kawanatanga vs. tinorangatiratanga Maori Wars/ New Zealand Wars (1845-82) pa pākehā

26. Maori today → culturally vibrant → land lost and way of life challenged by settler society → powerful families work in govt. government → some chiefs developed monarchy from 1850s – equivalent to British Crown ANZAC Day, April 2007 → 700+ Maori volunteers fought in separate regiment in WWI → emphasis on warrior ethic/spiritual groundedness See: ‘Once Were Warriors’ (1994) ‘Whale Rider’ (2002) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwN_0YMr2nI&feature=fvst

27. Subsequent imperial policyin the southern hemisphere From 19C territory for production, trade and control Ceylon Straits Settlement (Penang and then Singapore) Cape Colony Falklands jumping off point: Gibraltar Multicultural indentured labour moved throughout as necessary colour bar not necessarily citizens, moved as necessary

28. trade networks Mediterranean religions Environment: tropical rain forest tropical savannah low latitude dry highlands Mediterranean Physical Geography

29. Tulbagh Valley “…They resemble us, but in appearance are the colour of pumpkin-porridge…They are rude of manners and without any graces or refinement.They carry a long stick of fire.With this they kill and loot from many nations.” - from Zulu epic poem Khoisan Xhosa Zulu Southern African – in place

30. Thomas Baines ‘Boer Hunters Return’ Samuel Daniells Dutch East India Company (VOC) provisioning their ships formally barred from settlement a community evolves mostly of mixed-race ancestry enslave local Xhosan for labour develop Xtian theology to justify Early European Settlement

31. Knowing and believing English best Dutch • Cape offers access to Asia • English government but Boer society (resents) • ‘Pass Laws’ • English civil society: London Missionary Society (LMS) • Bethelsdorp – protect Xhosa from Boer society Robert Moffat David Livingstone

32. The ‘Scramble’for Africa