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CHAPTER 40

CHAPTER 40. AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. I. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION. THE ORGANIZATION OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY EMERGES FROM THE GROUPING OF SPECIALIZED CELLS INTO TISSUES TISSUES INTO FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED ORGANS ORGANS INTO ORGAN SYSTEMS.

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CHAPTER 40

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  1. CHAPTER 40 AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  2. I. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION • THE ORGANIZATION OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY EMERGES FROM THE GROUPING OF SPECIALIZED CELLS INTO TISSUES • TISSUES INTO FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED ORGANS • ORGANS INTO ORGAN SYSTEMS.

  3. A. FUNCTION CORRELATES WITH STRUCTURE IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS • EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERS THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY AND LINES INTERNAL ORGANS AND CAVITIES. • BARRIER FUNCTION:CELLS ARE TIGHTLY PACKED. • THEY REST ON A DENSE MAT OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE • EPITHELIA ARE DESCRIBED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS (SIMPLE OR STRATIFIED) • AND THE SHAPE OF THE SURFACE CELLS (CUBOIDAL, COLUMNAR, OR SQUAMOUS) • SOME EPITHELIA ARE SPECIALIZED FOR ABSORPTION AND SECRETION. • THE MUCUS SECRETED BY THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES LINING THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY TRACTS LUBRICATES AND MOISTENS THESE SURFACES.

  4. B. CONNECTIVE TISSUES BIND AND SUPPORT OTHER TISSUES. • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, THE BODY'S BINDING AND PACKING MATERIAL, CONSISTS OF FIBROBLASTS AND MACROPHAGES INTERSPERSED AMONG COLLAGENOUS, ELASTIC, AND RETICULAR FIBERS. • ADIPOSE (FAT) TISSUE IS A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. • FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, FOUND IN TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS, IS MADE OF DENSE, PARALLEL BUNDLES OF COLLAGENOUS FIBERS. • CARTILAGE, BONE, AND BLOOD ARE ALSO CONNECTIVE TISSUES. • CARTILAGE IS A STRONG YET FLEXIBLE SUPPORT MATERIAL CONSISTING OF COLLAGENOUS FIBERS IN A RUBBERY FOUNDATION SECRETED BY CHONDROCYTES.

  5. C. NEURONS, THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF NERVOUS TISSUE • NEURONS ARE COMPOSED OF A CELL BODY WITH EXTENDING DENDRITES AND AXONS THAT TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS CALLED IMPULSES.

  6. D. MUSCLE TISSUE. • MUSCLE TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF LONG CELLS (MUSCLE FIBERS) CONTAINING PARALLEL MICROFILAMENTS OF CONTRACTILE PROTEINS. • THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF VERTEBRATES CONSISTS OF: • a.       SKELETAL • b.      CARDIAC • C. SMOOTH MUSCLES • DIFFER IN SHAPE, STRIATION, AND NERVOUS CONTROL.

  7. E. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS OF AN ANIMAL ARE INTERDEPENDENT • THE BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE, GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS, BECAUSE THE ACTIVITIES OF ALL TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE COORDINATED.

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