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Chapter 17 Section 1. Mobilizing for Defense. Selective Service & the GI. GI: Government Issue stamped on everything 5M Eager recruits wanted to be heroes Draft provides 10M more 8 weeks basic training Bulk of armed forces were white males who were drafted/volunteered.
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Chapter 17 Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense
Selective Service & the GI • GI: Government Issue stamped on everything • 5M Eager recruits wanted to be heroes • Draft provides 10M more • 8 weeks basic training • Bulk of armed forces were white males who were drafted/volunteered
Expanding the Military / Women • Marshall (Army Chief of Staff General) pushed for WAAC/ WAC or Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp because of personnel shortages • Official status & salary • Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots • No direct combat
Expanding the Military • (WAVES): Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy • (WASPS): Women Air Force Service Pilots
Recruiting & DiscriminationMinorities • Why die for democracy abroad when we don’t have it here
Mexican AmericansMinorities • 300,000 join armed forces • Suffered 1/5 of LA’s city’s wartime casualties • Fought in many crucial battles • Most enlisted in Army • Many participated in D-day • Multilingual/good interpreters
African AmericansMinorities • 1 million served in military • Segregated units & limited to non-combat roles • Saw combat in April 1943 • 92 Infantry Division or Buffalo Soldiers in bloody Italian campaign of 1943-1944 • Tuskegee Airmen • Not allowed to join air force or marines
African AmericansMinorities • Red Cross separated blood • Men shortages toward end of war integrated Af. Am soldiers
Asian AmericansMinorities • 13000 Chinese joined armed forces • 33000 Japanese joined armed forces • Spies & interpreters in the Pacific • 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy & France became most decorated unit in the war • Internment camps in the United States
Native AmericansMinorities • 25000 enlisted including 800 women • Navaho Code Talkers • Denied right to vote in 3 states
Industrial ResponseManufacturing • Auto plants convert to tanks, planes, boats and command cars • Mechanical Pencil Plant makes bomb parts • Bedspread co. made mosquito netting • Kaiser and Liberty Ship (4 to 14 days) • Coca-Cola 5 cents available to every soldier
Labor’s ContributionManufacturing • 18M workers working in defense plants • 6M were women • Women did great job & earn 60% of men • 2M minority workers • FDR passed nondiscrimination law in defense plants to keep Randolph & Af Am from marching on Washington
HollywoodEntertainment Industry • War-oriented propaganda films • U.S. movies make Soviets heroes • Later produces escape films like musicals and romances
ScientistsOffice of Scientific Research & Dev • FDR in 1941 created OSRD or Office of Scientific Research & Development spurred improvements in radar, sonar, pesticides, penicillin • Advisory Committee & Einstein give way to Manhattan Project & development of atom bomb
Federal Government ControlOffice of Price Administration • Little production of consumer products which meant big demand and possible price increases • OPA or Office of Price Adm.: fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods • Fed gov. raises taxes / less to spend • Americans buy war bonds
Federal Government ControlWar Production Board • WPB or War Production Board: who will make what, how many, by when & will get x amounts of material • Nationwide drives to recycle • Rationing or fixed allotment of goods • Coupon books for meat, sugar, coffee & gas • People do as asked for war effort
Federal Government Control • Secretary of State Stimson & cost plus system: Government paid all development & production costs on anything a company made for the war • One-dollar a year men to decide on war contracts • Deficit spending
Rationing • Run by OPA • Fixed allotment of goods • Coupon Books for meat, shoes, sugar, coffee & gas • Meets with large amount of acceptance but the black market did exist