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Understanding the Structure of the Atom: Components and Models

This chapter explores the fundamental structure of the atom, detailing its components: the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons. Chemical symbols serve as universal nicknames for elements, simplifying the writing of chemical equations. The text delves into the discovery of quarks, the building blocks of protons and neutrons, and discusses pivotal scientific models from Democritus to the modern Electron Cloud Model. This model depicts the probabilistic area where electrons exist around the nucleus, emphasizing the complexity of atomic structure.

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Understanding the Structure of the Atom: Components and Models

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  1. Chapter 17 Section 1 Structure of the Atom

  2. Scientific Shorthand • Chemical symbols are nicknames for elements • Understood worldwide • Makes writing equations a lot easier!

  3. Atomic Components • Atom = the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element • Nucleus = positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

  4. Atomic Components • Protons have a positive (+1) charge • Neutrons are neutral (no charge) • Electrons have a negative (-1) charge

  5. Quarks – Even Smaller Particles • Electrons are not made of smaller particles, however… • Protons and neutrons are made of quarks • There are 6 unique quarks (3 quarks make a proton and 3 quarks make a neutron)

  6. Finding Quarks • The Tevatronaccelerates charged particles to tremendous speeds and smashes them into protons • Causes the proton to break apart and the resulting particles are detected using several devices

  7. Models – Tools for Scientists • Democritus first proposed the idea that all matter was made up of atoms in 400 BC (Aristotle disagreed) • John Dalton was the first to proof atoms exist and provided a physical explanation for chemical reactions) • Thomson Rutherford Bohr • 1904 1911 1913

  8. The Electron Cloud Model (1926) • This model is used today • Electron cloud = the area around the nucleus of an atom where its electrons are most likely found • 100,000 times larger than the diameter of the nucleus • It’s impossible to pinpoint the location of a single electron

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