Chapter 5: The Classical Period directions, diversities and declines by 500 CE

1. Chapter 5: The Classical Perioddirections, diversities and declines by 500 CE

2. Expansion and integration A. Need to integrate values within society 1.Confucius , LaoTzu, Buddha, Socrates, etc. B. China= centralized politics and a political culture 1. “Planters” from the North settle in the south C. Mediterranean= localization and diversity 1. local autonomy with common laws 2. Roman citizenship 3.commercial networks a. trade networks; grain colonies

3. D. India= Hinduism 1. Caste System E. Social Inequalities 1. Men and Women (ex. Sati/ Satee) 2. Social Hierarchy 3. Free and Slave II. Beyond the Classical Civilizations A. Rise of less developed civilizations: NE Africa, Japan, N. Europe 1. c. 1000 BCE: Kingdom of Kush along the upper Nile (South) in Egypt a. strong monarchy

4. b. writing based on hieroglyphics c. skilled in iron work 1. c.750 BCE: Kush conquered Egypt 2. c. 300 BCE: Kush is conquered by Axum a. overrun by Ethiopia 1. trade with Mediterranean 2. small thriving population of Jewish merchants

5. D. Advances of North African civilizations 1. South of Sahara/North of tropical jungles 2. Regional Political organizations a. ancestral tribes 3. Shinto- Japanese religion; worhsip of political rulers and spirits of nature (Kami- spirits of nature) a. local shrines and rituals b. c. 400 CE political Centralization 1. regional ruler gains Loyalty of lesser lords

6. 2. Basis for Japan’s future imperial house/emperor c. Shinto becomes unified national religion c. 700 CE F. Northern Europe: 2 distinct barbaric groups 1. Teutonic/Celtic peoples  Germany, England, Ireland, and Scandinavia 2. Slavic peoples  Eastern Europe a. loosely organized regional kingdoms b. no written language (except Latin imported in some regions)

7. 1.c.600CE : Scandinavian advances in sailing c. Polytheistic and animistic religions G. c.800BCE: Olmec Civilization in Central America 1. agriculture corn and potatoes 2. domesticated animals  turkeys, dogs, guinea pigs, etc. 3. accurate calendar 4. spawns Mayan civilization c.400CE a. inca civilization in Andes Mountains

8. H.c.1000BCE: Polynesian peoples reach Fiji and Samoa III.DECLIE IN CHINA AND INDIA A. between c.200 and 600 CE: decline of 3 major civilizations (INDIA CHINA ROME) 1. Both Han Dynasty and Gupta dynasty suffer invasions from nomadic tribes B. c.100CE signs of decline in china 1. increased government corruption (weak leaders) 2. increased taxes ( $for leaders for shrines) a. 18 CE Taoist Revolt 1. Promises a golden age brought by religious magic 2. civil war

9. 3.Introduction of new diseases a. destroys nearly half of chinese population 4. results in regional government for about 400 years C. 618 CE Sui Dynasty re establishes control D. Sui Dynasty succeeded by Tang Dynasty 1. “Return to Glory” 2. Revival of bureaucratic system and Confucianism

10. E.c.400 CE Decline of Gupta Empire in India 1. c.500 CE nomadic invasions from Asia a. Rajput= regional princes b.c.600 CE Islam introduced 2. Hinduism and the Caste System survive the fall of the Gupta Empire IV. Decline and fall of Rome A. Signs of decay c.180 CE 1. declining population 2. difficulty maintaining army a. forced to hire Germanic mercenaries 3. weak and corrupt emperors a. problems with succession 4. “I was not I was I am not, I have no more desires” (portrayed through roman tombs)

11. 5.increased international trade  new diseases introduced a. plague:3/4 population lost 6.increased financial difficulties a. lack of tax revenues b. strain of hiring foreign soldiers 7. cultural decline a. decline in political participation 1. increased Authoritarian rule 2. increased pleasure- seekingamong elite classes

12. b. decline in birth rates among upper classes c. lack of scholarship 8. Rise of Feudalism in country side a. less concerned with political life b. provides protection c. self sufficient 1. decreases surplus and international trade B. Attempts to revive the Empire

13. 1. Diocletian (284-305 CE) a. attempts to reverse decay 1. restructure political administration 2. improves system of tax collection 3. increased government regulation of the economy b. exerts pressure to worship emperor as a god 1. increases Christian persecutions

14. 2. Constantine (312-337 CE) a. established 2nd capital city of Constantinople 1.regulate affairs of Eastern Empire b. 313: adopts Christianity as unifying force c. reforms experience minor success but decay continues 3. c. 400: Barbarian invasions begin a. Germanic kingdoms est. by 425 b. 476 Roman Empire collapses 1.Eastern Roman empire survives= Byzantine Empire

15. a. Greek language and Roman culture b. authoritarian Roman political system 2. Emperor Justinian a. attempts to restore roman empire b. issues Justinian codes (1 of 2 he is best known for )

16. c. Middle Eastern Empires 1.Byzantine Empire unable to control entire middle east a. Parthinian Empire 1. Tigris and Euphrates Region 2. strong military and effective government bureaucracy b.conquered by Sassanids in 227 1. revive Persian culture 2. revive zoroastrianism ad cultivate christianity c. middle east serves as a link between the mediterranean and the East

17. D. North African and Southern Mediterranean Empires 1. Regional kingdoms emerge following the fall of Rome a. spread of christianity 1. Augustine of Hippo b.spread of coptic church in egypt E. Northern and Western Europe 1.Barbaric kingdoms develop in Spain, France, Britain, and North Italy following the fall of Rome a.cities and trade decline b. minor christian influences

18. V. The New Religious Map A.Increased numbers of plagues give rise to religious belief systems 1. Christianity spreads in Mediterranean 2. Buddhism spreads during decline in china 3. Islam introduced in middle east c.600 ce a. all emphasize devotion and piety (right action) b.stress spiritual concerns over daily life c. importance of after life

19. VI. BUDDHISM • Spreads from india through asia 1. Stronges influence in china , later spreads to korea and japan 2. expansion led by buddhist monks a. Bodhisattvas 1. attain nirvana through meditation, choose to remain in the world as “saints”, provide earthly example b. evolution from system of ethics to popular salvation 3. growth of buddhist monasteries

20. 4.Mahayana Buddhism  “Great Vehicle” = East Asian Buddhism a. increased emphasis on Buddha as a divine savior b. increased religious organization 1. priests, temples, creeds, rituals 2. Buddha= god, bodhisattvas= saint 5.gives rise to pagoda-style temples In japan 6.increased acceptance of women a. “value of a good buddhist wife”

21. 7. increasing popularity B. Opposition to Buddhism 1.Confucians oppose the spread of Buddhism a. distraction from political obligation b. disloyalty towards emperor 2. taoism reacts  improves organization a. emphasizes practical benefits of mysticism b. increased acceptance from peasant class

22. VII. Christianity A.Jesus of Nazareth 1. emphasis on spiritual after life 2. belief, good works, discipline B. Adopts roman structure and organization 1. Paul 2. Emergence of single local bishop with in each city C. Bishop of Rome= “il papa” D. Written Doctine 1. New Testament/Christian Bible

23. E. Emphasis on missionary activity 1.networks within Roman empire  Way missionary activity 2.emphasis on exclusive nature of truth a. intolerant of competing beliefs b. spiritual equality c. religious rituals 3.takes root during political, social, religious decline in Rome 4. Eventually seen as a religion separate from judaism 5.state control of church affairs in eastern empire a. local bishops have more control in west 6. Emergence of Christian theology a. Augustine

24. 7.Emergence of Christian Minasticism a. benedictine 1. discipline,prayer,hard work, agriculture, study 8. Accepting of all social classes a.spreads rapidly among lower classes b.accepting of women 9. spreads throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East a. becomes a major world religion

25. VIII. Islam A. Emerges in the early 7th century 1. becomes a major rival of christianity 2. completes “world religious map”