Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Gastrointestinal Tract Part 2

2. The Simple Stomach/ Monogastric • Main sections: • Fundus: rounded section above esophageal opening • Expands with contents • Body: middle section • Also distensible • Pyloric antrum: lower, small end

3. Sphincter Muscles • sphincters are muscles in a ring shape that close an opening when they contract • CARDIAC SPHINCTER– located between the esophagus and stomach. • Food enters when it relaxes. • Sphincter tightens when digestion is taking place. (Prevents reflux) • PYLORIC SPHINCTER – located between the pylorus and the duodenum. • Contracts to prevent stomach contents from escaping during digestion. • Relaxes to allow contents to leave stomach and continue to intestines.

5. Gastric Layers and Glands • Outer serosa layer • Muscular layer • Circular muscle • Longitudinal muscle • Oblique muscle • Submucosa • Contains blood vessels • Mucosal lining • Contains many tubular gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes, mucin, and HCl

6. Gastric Layers and Glands

7. PERISTALSIS: involuntary, wavelike movement of the intestinal tract propelling contents through the GI tract. Produced by circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of tubular structures.

8. CHYME= viscous, highly acidic, semiliquid contents of stomach after digestion. Moves through digestive tract via peristalsis.

9. Ruminants • RUMINATION: • regurgitation, remastication, insalivation, and reswallowing of partially digested food. • this process allows fermentation of food by bacteria and protozoa which digest cellulose and produce energy for the body • Occurs in RUMINANTS (ex: cattle, goats, sheep, llamas, camels, deer).

10. Ruminant Stomach 4 CHAMBERS: Reticulum Rumen Omasum Abomasum Three forechambers to true stomach are called diverticula. They help ferment food by soaking it and subjecting it to digestive microorganisms.

12. Rumination

13. The Reticulum • Smallest, most cranial chamber • Honeycomb in appearance (increase surface area for absorption) • Separated from heart by diaphragm • Hardware disease: • Heavy objects drop into reticulum and can pierce diaphragm and pericardium

14. The Rumen • Also called “the paunch” • Large sac extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis • Left side of abdominal cavity • Makes up 20% of the animal’s body weight • Made up of numerous long papillae. • Divided into the ventral and dorsal sac.

15. The Omasum • The “book” stomach • Round, lined with short, blunt papillae in-folds that grind roughage before entering the abomasum • Squeezes fluid out of ingesta

16. The Abomasum • “True stomach” • Only glandular portion of the stomach. • Functions like a monogastric stomach • Secretes digestive enzymes to break down food particles • Pylorus opens into small intestines.

17. Other Structures of the Abdomen • PERITONEUM – membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and holds organs in place • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal peritoneum

18. OMENTUM • Fold of peritoneum, extending from stomach, overlying organs (like an apron). • Lace-like in appearance

19. MESENTERY • Peritoneal fold that attaches the intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall

20. The intestinal digestive juice containing mucus and enzymes is stimulated by a hormone called secretin. It is produced by the intestinal glands as chyme reaches the small intestine. The digestive process is completed in the small intestine and the digested food is absorbed through the intestinal walls by villi. Villi are small thread like projections, it is these villi that are sloughed when a dog contracts parvo virus

21. SMALL INTESTINE • Majority of nutrient absorption occurs here • Entero- refers to intestines • VILLI of the small intestine (threadlike projections that line the mucosa) is where absorption takes place.

22. Parts of Small Intestine • DUODENUM • Shortest, widest section • Attaches to the pylorus of the stomach • Pancreatic and bile ducts empty here • Digestion and absorption • JEJUNUM • Middle section • Held in place by mesentery • Vigorous peristaltic wave action moves contents into the ileum • ILEUM • Empties into cecum at ileocecal valve

24. Large Intestine • Provides fermentation for monogastric animals • Recovers fluid and electrolytes • Stores feces • Made up of cecum, colon, and rectum

25. Cecum • Pouch that forms the first portion of the large intestine • Joins with the colon • Larger in herbivores (due to fermentation) • Primary function is to break down fibrous material • Appendix is attached to cecum. • Home for whipworms

26. Colon • Ascending, Transverse, Descending • Diameter is wider than small intestine and wall is thinner. • Haustra (a series of pouches), allow expansion and elongation of colon (like an accordion). • Taenia are longitudinal bands of muscle of colon.

27. Species Variations in Colon

29. Rectum • Section of descending colon, located within the pelvis that dilates to store feces until expulsion. • ANUS – termination of the digestive tract - made of both smooth and skeletal muscle • COPROPHAGY-ingestion of fecal material • Normal activity for rabbits • Day feces (waste product); Night feces (vitamin-rich)

30. PANCREAS • Elongated gland located near the first part of the duodenum. • Exocrine and endocrine gland. • Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic enzymes needed for digestion and transfer them through a duct into the small intestine. • Endocrine cells produce and secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the blood (no duct required).

31. Pancreas

33. LIVER • Hepat/o = liver • largest gland in the body • Exocrine gland located immediately caudal to diaphragm • Soft, pliable; red/brown in color • Major functions: • Produces and secretes bile for digestion • Metabolizes protein, fat, and carbs • Filters and destroys foreign matter and neutralizes toxins • Stores iron, glycogen, and vitamins • Synthesizes most proteins in the body

34. Liver

35. GALLBLADDER • Stores bile from the liver, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion • Bile is a fluid that aids in the digestion of fat • Chole - means bile Cholecyst = gallbladder • RATS and HORSES do not have a gall bladder, their bile flows continuously from liver into the duodenum.

36. Gallbladder

37. Liver & Gallbaldder