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AGENDA

This agenda includes important reminders, study hints, and summaries of lectures on atoms, molecules, water properties, polar and nonpolar compounds, organic compounds, functional groups, and macromolecules.

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AGENDA

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  1. AGENDA • Hand in Homework #1 • Hand in in-class work from last class • Questions / Concerns? • Lecture Quiz #2 • REMINDERS: • Pre-lab #3 due at beginning of lab period • Lab quiz #2 during lab • 1st four Microworlds due at end of lab today

  2. Reminder: Exam next class! • Weeks 1-3 • Chapters 1-3, 10.1-10.5

  3. Study Hints • Study in several shorter sessions • Write down answers to the Course Objectives for the chapters 1-3. • Answer them IN YOUR OWN WORDS using Vital Vocab (to be posted) • Make flash cards for Vital Vocab • Review the powerpoints and highlight Vital Vocab and definitions

  4. Important Points from Lecture #2 • Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. • The number of protons, neutrons and electrons give atoms their properties. • Molecules are made from atoms linked together by bonds

  5. Lecture 3 Summary • Three bond types: • COVALENT - share electrons, strong • IONIC - transfer electrons, medium • HYDROGEN - form between partial charges (polar molecules), weak

  6. Lecture 3 Summary • Properties of water: • Polar (hydrophobic sand demo) • “Sticky” - surface tension, capillary action • Ice floats • High specific heat • Universal solvent • Importance in body

  7. Polar and Nonpolar • Polar = charged regions • “Like dissolves like” • polar wants to be near polar • Non-polar wants to be near non-polar

  8. Organic Compounds CARBON HYDROGEN Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model • Is stable with how many bonds? • Is stable with how many bonds? Methane The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.

  9. Organic Compounds CARBON • Is stable with how many bonds? Ethane Propane Carbon skeletons vary in length.

  10. Organic Compounds CARBON • Is stable with how many bonds? 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.

  11. Organic Compounds CARBON • Is stable with how many bonds? Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings.

  12. Why is the structure of carbon important? • Almost infinite variety of possible structures for biological molecules HYDROCARBONS – composed of only hydrogen and carbon

  13. Exact structure of molecules is important • Structure = Function • ANIMATION: Campbell Ch 4 – L_dopa_A

  14. Functional Groups • Groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of molecules • Determine the properties of organic compounds • Part of molecule that participates in chemical reactions

  15. Functional Groups • Five main functional groups in biology: • Hydroxyl group • Carbonyl group • Carboxyl group • Amino group • Phosphate group • These groups are all polar and make compounds containing them hydrophilic

  16. WHAT ATOMS MAKE UP FUNCTIONAL GROUPS? WHY IS EACH OF THESE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS POLAR?

  17. Atoms in the Functional Groups • Stable with how many bonds? • OXYGEN • NITROGEN • PHOSPHOROUS (atomic # 15)

  18. Small Molecule Small Molecule Small Molecule Small Molecule Chemical Building Blocks of Living Systems • Organic compounds • Contain at least one CARBON atom • Hydrocarbon + functional group • Small molecules combine to form large molecules (macromolecules) Organic Macromolecule

  19. Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomers vs Polymers • Monomer (1 small molecule) usually has 1 functional group • Polymer has many functional groups: • Can interact with many other things • Can perform a more complicated function

  20. Connecting and Un-connecting • Dehydration synthesis • removal of a water molecule • Connects two monomers • Forms COVALENT BOND • Hydrolysis • addition of a water molecule • Disconnects two monomers • http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

  21. Connecting Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer New COVALENT bond

  22. Un-connecting Hydrolysis Broken COVALENT bond

  23. Four major classes of organic macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Nucleic acids • Proteins • Fatty Acids (lipids)

  24. Carbohydrates • Monomer = monosaccharide • Structure • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • (C1H2O1)n • Contains hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

  25. Carbohydrates Structural formula Abbreviated structure Simplified structure

  26. Carbohydrates • Functions • Store and release energy (glucose, starch) • Structural support (cellulose) • Examples = glucose, sucrose, lactose

  27. Carbohydrates • MONOSACCHARIDE = one monomer of a carbohydrate • DISACCHARIDE = two monomers • TRISACCHARIDE = three monomers • POLYSACCHARIDE = many monomers Connected by WHAT kind of bond? ANIMATION: Campbell Ch 3 - Disaccharides

  28. Polymer = Polysaccharides • Cellulose: Structure • Polysaccharides connected to form strands with hydrogen bonds • Starch: Energy storage • Glucose connected together to form a long chain

  29. Structure = Function • Sweetness of sugars depends on the structure of the polysaccharide

  30. Polarity • Are these sugars polar or non-polar? • What do sugars do in water?

  31. Lipids • VARIOUS TYPES • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Waxes • Steroids

  32. Lipids - Triglycerides • Monomer = 3 fatty acids + glycerol • Structure: • Fatty Acids: Long hydrocarbon chains • Glycerol: hydrocarbons with hydroxyl (OH) groups

  33. Lipids - Triglycerides • Function: Stores energy long-term

  34. Polarity • Is a lipid polar or non-polar? • Does fat dissolve in water?

  35. Saturated vs Unsaturated • Maximum number of hydrogensattached to carbons • No double bonds between carbons • More flexible • Straight • Packs tightly • More solid at room temperature

  36. Saturated vs Unsaturated • Some carbons connected via double bonds • Fewer than maximum number of hydrogens • Less flexible (double bonds are stiffer) • Kinked • Does not pack tightly • Less solid at room temperature

  37. Saturated vs Unsaturated ANIMATION: Campbell Ch 3 - Fats

  38. Trans fats • Unsaturated fat made by partially hydrogenating an oil

  39. Trans fats • Which will pack more tightly, a “cis” unsaturated fat or a “trans” unsaturated fat? • Which will be more solid at room temp? “cis” unsaturated fat “trans” unsaturated fat

  40. Trans Fats - why are they bad? • Enzyme in the body that digests fats is less effective on trans unsaturated fats

  41. Lipids - Phospholipids • Structure – Glycerol connected to TWO fatty acids and a phosphate group POLAR OR NON-POLAR?

  42. Phospholipid structure

  43. Lipids - Phospholipids • Function: Makes up membranes in cells (phosphoplipids) Lipid bilayer:

  44. Membrane structure

  45. Lipids - Waxes • STRUCTURE: Consist of a single fatty acid linked to an alcohol • FUNCTION: Form waterproof coatings

  46. Lipids - Steroids • STRUCTURE: Have backbones bent into rings • FUNCTION: Are often hormones or the basis of hormones • EXAMPLE: Cholesterol

  47. Lipids - Steroids • Naturally found in living things • Testosterone • Estrogen • Progesterone • Corticosteroids (regulate metabolism) • Found in other organisms - Insects have them

  48. Lipids - Steroids • Anabolic Steroids – natural and synthetic versions of testosterone • Build up bone and muscle mass

  49. Lipids - Steroids • Anabolic Steroids – natural and synthetic versions of testosterone • Build up bone and muscle mass • Can cause serious health problems

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