Welcome to Accelerated BIOLOGY

1. Welcome to Accelerated BIOLOGY Mrs. Schalles Ringgold High School

2. Ringgold High School

3. How is accelerated Biology different than the regular biology course? • More details! • More topics! • Which makes it more interesting! • Better preparation for AP Biology & college.

4. Textbook: Modern Biology • Online textbook available at: • http://my.hrw.com/ • username:  bnye24             • password:   y2u5 • You can also access the textbook, as well as notes & other information, via my website • http://schallesbiology.com/ • (username & password are right on my site)

5. It’s an exciting time to study biology! Use of many new tools allows us to: • Observe the working of cells, the smallest units of life, at the atomic level! • Examine the intricacy of DNA - the molecule of heredity. • Peer into the recently sequenced human genome. • Explore changes in the field of medicine. • Investigate the worlds of Microbiology, Mycology, Botany & Zoology • Gain insight about dynamic interactions between the millions of species existing on our planet.

6. Our goal is to interest students in science and create life- long learners!

7. Chapter 1 The Science of Life I. The World of Biology A. Definitions 1. Biology- the study of life “bio” means “life, “-logy” means the study of. 2. The branches of Biology We’ll look at some of the many fields of biology.

8. Biology is:the study of life! Biologists study life on many levels- from molecular to global. We are beginning to solve puzzles- how does a single cell grow into a multicellular plant or animal, how the human mind works, how solar energy is converted into chemical energy- food, how organisms network in biological communities like coral reefs, what threatens life!

9. This living thing looks like he’s studying us!

10. Unicellular(a single celled organism) • Multicellular (many celled organism) • This grasshopper is multicellular! An Organism Is a single living thing

11. Earliest Life on Earth • millions of years- only characteristics - unicellular, aquatic, microscopic, simple, anaerobic (cannot live in oxygen) Stromatolites--colonies of bacteria

12. 2. Branches of Biology • Anatomy- study of body parts • Botany- study of plants • Bacteriology- study of bacteria • Cytology- study of cells • Ecology – study of environment • Embryology- study of development of individuals • Entomology- study of insects • Horticulture-study of growing • Immunology- study of immune system

13. Genetics – study of genes & heredity • Hematology- study of blood • Herpetology- study of snakes • Microbiology – study of microorganisms • Mycology- study of fungi • Pathology- study of abnormal structures or functions • Parasitology– study of parasites • Paleontology- study of formerly-living organisms like fossils and dinosaurs • Physiology-study of body part functions • Taxonomy- study of classification • Virology- study of viruses • Zoology -The study of animals

14. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 1. Organization/ Cell theory 2. Response to stimuli 3. Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Growth & Development 6. Reproduction 7. Evolution

15. 1. Organization/ Cell theory “The building blocks of life” -A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life’s processes.

16. Cell Theory – the theory that all living things are made up of one or more cells, 1. Cells are the basic units of organisms 2. In a multicellular organism - cells specialized! 3. Cells come only from existing cells. Unicellular(single celled organism) Multicellular(many celled organism) Two Types of Cellular Organisms

17. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

18. The cell - the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Eukaryotic cells are composed of organelles- parts that have a specific function in a cell. mcb.ucdavis.edu

19. Organization -is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal & external parts & its interactions with the world. Hierarchy of levels of organization in living things: Atom Organic Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organism

20. Cells are made of parts: • Atoms: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), etc • Molecules -made of atoms:water- H20, Sugars like Glucose (C6H12O6), & large Proteins like Hemoglobin, C738H1166N812O203S2Fe(amino acids with a Fe ion) Phospholipids, DNA, etc • Organelles -made of molecules: Nucleus, Cell membrane, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, etc.

21. Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organism health.yahoo.com health.yahoo.com web.jjay.cuny.edu www.scienceaid.co.uk www.answers.com www.search.com www.mie.utoronto.ca Health.yahoo.com http://orchard.sbschools.net/library/links/body.jpg

22. “Emergent Properties” • In the levels of the “hierarchy” there arenew characteristics that are not apparent at a simpler level: • Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organism “A living organism is a whole greater than the sum of its parts.” (cannot fully explain a higher level of order by breaking it down into its parts)

23. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 2. Response to Stimuli • Stimulus- • a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment. • that elicits or accelerates a physiological or psychological activity or response. • Response- • Reaction to stimulus agent or action • For example: The owl dilates pupils in the eye to keep the level of light entering the constant. ebiomedia.com www.birds.cornell.edu

24. environment biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust 24

25. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 3. Homeostasis --The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain stable internal conditions (equilibrium )by adjusting its physiological processes. -conditions such as: temperature, pH, water content, uptake of nutrients by cells, etc. will be maintained in a constant range- usually different than outside environment.

26. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 4. Metabolism • is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. • Its all the processes living things use to convert nutrients into chemical energy that the body can use to sustain life. • Energy is required to maintain an organism’s molecular and cellular organization

27. Energy the ability to do work Almost all the energy on earth is from the sun. 27

28. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 5. Growth and Development • Growth of living things results from the division & enlargement of cells. • Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

29. Growth - increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism -Non living things, like a rock crystal, grow by accumulating more material of which they are made 29

30. Development all the changes that take place in the life of an organism 30

31. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 6. Reproduction • life must have ability to reproduce, no organism lives forever. • Living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring.

32. 2 Types of Reproduction 1. Asexual Reproduction-one parent divides into 2 identical offspring- EXAMPLES • Binary fission -bacteria • Budding -sponges -fungi like yeasts • Regeneration- earthworms Advantage- don’t need mate; Disadvantage- no genetic variations 2. Sexual Reproduction-2 parents combine genetic info to form a unique individual -Egg of a female & sperm of a male form a ZYGOTE- info from both parents

33. Cell Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis There are 2 kinds of cell division in eukaryotic cells: • Mitosis occurs in cells for growth, development, repair or asexual reproduction. • Meiosis occurs during formation of gametes for sexual reproduction www.ccs.k12.in.us/.../Humanembryology.htm

34. Reproduction An interesting organism: Volvox • Common colonial algae • Reproduces- asexually & sexually! • Asexual- 1 parent cell simply splits into 2 identical “daughter” cells • Sexual reproduction: The dark spheres are egg -cells. They are fertilized by small packages of sperm.

35. Reproduction & Inheritance Some important terms: • DNA molecule- • deoxyribonucleic acid • has “how to” info • Gene- a segment on DNA macromolecule - may be 100s of genes on a DNA strand - codes for a specific trait (like eye color) • Inheritance- traits passed from parent to offspring

36. 7 Characteristics of Living Things 7. Change over Time(Evolution) • Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time. -Evolution- from “evolve” meaning to change.