1. Basic Moral OrientationsOverview (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

2. On what basis do we make moral decisions? • “Do what the Bible tells you”--Divine Command Theories • “Follow your conscience”--The Ethics of Conscience • “Watch out for #1”--Ethical Egoism • “Do the right thing”--The Ethics of Duty • “Don't dis' me”--The Ethics of Respect • “...all Men are created ...with certain unalienable Rights”--The Ethics of Rights • “Make the world a better place”--Utilitarianism • “Daddy, that’s not fair”--The Ethics of Justice • “Be a good person”--Virtue Ethics (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

3. "Do what the Bible tells you”Divine Command Theories • Being good is equivalent to doing whatever the Bible--or the Qur’an or some other sacred text or source of revelation--tells you to do. • “What is right” equals “What God tells me to do.” (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

4. “Follow your conscience”The Ethics of Our Inner Voice • Conscience tells us what is right or wrong • Often has a religious source • May be founded in a notion of human nature • Is often negative in character, telling us what is not right (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

5. "Watch out for #1”Ethical Egoism • Says the only person to look out for is yourself • Ayn Rand, The Ethics of Selfishness • Well known for her novel, especially Atlas Shrugged (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

6. "Do the right thing"The Ethics of Duty • Begins with the conviction that ethics is about doing what is right, about doing your duty. • Duty may be determined by: • Reason • Kant: Do what any rational agent should do • Professional role • A physician’s duty to care for the sick • Social role • A parent’s duty to care for his or her children (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

7. "Don't dis' me"The Ethics of Respect • Human interactions should be governed by rules of respect • What counts as respect can vary from one culture to another • Examples: • spitting in the sand • showing the soles of one’s shoes--Richardson • What is it that merits respect? (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

8. “...all Men are created ...with certain unalienable Rights”The Ethics of Rights • The most influential moral notion of the past two centuries • Established minimal conditions of human decency (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

9. “Make the world a better place”Utilitarianism • Seeks to reduce suffering and increase pleasure or happiness • Demands a high degree of self-sacrifice—we must consider the consequencs for everyone. • Utilitarians claim the purpose of morality is to make the world a better place. (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

10. “Daddy, that’s not fair”The Ethics of Justice • Begins early in the family with fairness to all family members • What is fair for one should be fair for all. • Treating people equally may not mean treating them the same. (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

11. "Be a good person”Virtue Ethics • Seeks to develop individual character • Assumes good persons will make good decisions • Developed by Plato and Aristotle • Integral to the Jesuit tradition • The Spiritual Exercises • Provides a way of integrating all the theories (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

12. Classroom Application (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002

13. Your Students’ Moral Orientation (c) Lawrence M. Hinman 2002