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Understanding Graves’ Disease: Signal Interpretation and Cellular Mechanisms

This paper explores the complex signaling pathways involved in Graves’ disease, challenging previous hypotheses about extracellular signaling issues. It presents a detailed analysis of receptor activation, focusing on the necessary components for membrane receptor functionality and various regulatory mechanisms, such as compartmentalization and post-translational modifications. A significant emphasis is placed on how receptor shape changes lead to alterations in gene expression. Additionally, the discussion includes insights from non-traditional cascades and the nuances of internal signaling, ultimately aiming to formulate a new hypothesis regarding the molecular basis of Graves’ disease.

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Understanding Graves’ Disease: Signal Interpretation and Cellular Mechanisms

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  1. Previously on Bio308 Graves’ Disease data activating and negative feedback loops are ‘fine’ Therefore: Hypothesis 1 not supported Not an extracellular signaling problem Move to Hypothesis 2: Cell Interpreting Signal Incorrectly Background on Receptor Activation *What does it takes to be in a membrane and to be a receptor

  2. Other mechanisms that regulate protein function • Compartmentalization • Change in rate of synthesis Common traits? • Cleavage • Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Common traits?

  3. Receptor’s role (summary) • Able to transduce signal because of: • Placement in membrane (span it) • Ability to bind ligand • Ligand -induced conformational changes So the signal ‘gets in’ without physically crossing membrane BUT How do you go from a shape change to causing a change in gene expression?

  4. Surface toNucleus:Types of signaling proteins MBoC4 Fig15-16

  5. Thyroid What is constitutive activity?

  6. Cascade examples

  7. (not trimeric) G protein switch Note the dramatic shape change depending upon the binding partner(s)

  8. cAMP 2nd messenger

  9. Other 2nd messengers

  10. cAMP dep. Protein Kinase

  11. After activation

  12. Transcriptional activation

  13. Others Your summaries go here

  14. Hyper activity is the problem in Graves’ disease-- What ‘should’ happen to each component of the cascade to make the cascade turn off? On to Off

  15. BUT Internal signaling in Graves’ Patients is fine… There goes another perfectly good hypothesis, rejected due to data. Next on Bio 308 (class cancelled on Thurs. Use time to catch up) Graves’ disease: Comparing information from other situations and disease specific information to come up with another hypothesis for the molecular basis of this disease How does it all add up? Causes Treatments Introduction to paper discussion:

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