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Constraints on absolute power

This analysis delves into the critical internal and external constraints on power during the 18th century, focusing on Britain and France. It examines John Wilkes and his calls for parliamentary reform amidst a corrupt electoral process in Britain, alongside the conflict over parlements in France and the public's role in demanding reform. The impact of the American Revolution and the decline of the Ottoman Empire are also explored, emphasizing the limitations faced by governments and the influence of public opinion.

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Constraints on absolute power

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  1. Constraints on absolute power

  2. Internal Pressures for Reform - Britain: Corrupt electoral process John Wilkes (1727-97) 1760s and 1770s Calls for parliamentary reform in Britain

  3. Internal Pressures for Reform - France: Conflict over parlements Involvement of Jansenists Question of taxation Protests at abolition of parlements Map Link: Parlements of France: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/a/ad/ Provinces_of_France.png>.

  4. Role of Public Opinion: Wilkes as popular hero in Britain Public support of parlements in France Governments having to pay attention

  5. External Constraints – Balance of Power: Map Link: Europe, 1748-66: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/ Europe_1748-1766_en.png>.

  6. External Constraints - Ottoman Empire: Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>

  7. External Constraints - Ottoman Empire: 17th-18th c. Start of the decline of the Ottoman Empire Military defeats Lagging military technology

  8. External Constraints - Britain and America: 1773 Boston Tea Party 1774 Quebec Act 1775 Start of AmericanRevolution Map Link: British Colonies in North America: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/ British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG>

  9. External Constraints - Britain and America: 4th July 1776 Declaration of Independence “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” International involvement 1783 Britain recognises American independence. Subsequently reviews relations with other territories

  10. Summing Up – Limitations on Power: Internal limits Influence of public opinion External limits from other powers External limits from parts of own empires

  11. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) English-Americanwriter, political activist, revolutionary Common Sense (1776)

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