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World Youth Report 2005 10-Year Review of the World Programme of Action for Youth. This presentation. Introduction and concepts Highlights of the World Youth Report 2005 (E/2005/7) Recommendations of the report Next steps. 1. Introduction and concepts. What is youth?.
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World Youth Report 200510-Year Review of the World Programme of Action for Youth
This presentation • Introduction and concepts • Highlights of the World Youth Report 2005 (E/2005/7) • Recommendations of the report • Next steps
What is youth? • A statistical definition: 15-24 years • A period of transition from protection in childhood to self-determination in adulthood Why does the concept change? • Changes in historical age • Changes in social age
Education Employment Hunger and poverty Health issues The environment Drug abuse Delinquency Leisure Girls and young women Participation in decision-making Ten priorities of the United Nations for youth
Three clusters • Youth in the global economy • Poverty, education, employment • Youth in civil society • Environment, leisure, participation • Youth at risk • Health, drugs, delinquency, girls and young women
Youth in the Global Economy Hunger and Poverty Education Employment
Hunger and Poverty How many young people live in poverty? • Undernourished: up to 160 million • On <$1 per day: 206 million • On <$2 per day: 515 million World Youth Report 2005, Table 1, page 5
Coping with poverty • Labour: “forced” entrepreneurship and self-employment in the informal sector • Migration of young workers: • Domestic: rural-urban migration(50-50 point rural/urban population was reached in 2002) • International migration(175 million migrants in 2002)
Education – The Good News The “best-educated generation” ever: • Since 1995, more children than ever complete primary school • Four out of five eligible youth are in secondary education • Some 100 million youth currently in tertiary education
Education – The Bad News Large differences globally: • 130 million children currently not in school • 133 million youth are illiterate • Large gender differences • Large differences between groups of countries
Employment • 88 million young people were out of work in 2004 (up from 58 million in 1995) • Youth unemployment has a lasting impact on a young life • Youth are almost half of the world’s unemployed • Globalization forces young people to become increasingly competitive internationally
Youth unemployment The international response: • An increased notion of a demographic bulge with dangers for stability and security • World Summit for Social Development • MDG 8: Partnership for Youth Employment (YEN)
Youth in Civil Society Youth and the environment Leisure-time activities Participation in decision-making
Youth and the environment • Youth have a special concern for the environment • Youth have a special responsibility for the environment • Messages in the media and the education system are most crucial to activate young people’s involvement • But participation in decision-making is essential.
Leisure-time activities • Leisure = discretionary hours not in school and not in paid work • Is beneficial for the young person’s development and promotes social integration and cohesion of society
Participation in decision-making • Youth participation, through dialogue and consultation, promotes social integration and cohesion in society • New forms of participatory structures among youth in the past ten years: away from membership-based organizations towards looser, network-based structures • Yet, still very active student movements that bring about social change
Youth at Risk Health Drug abuse Juvenile delinquency Girls and young women
Young people and health Some health risks of young people: • Reproductive health risks • Unsafe sex, contraception, teenage pregnancy • Behavioral risks: 1 million deaths worldwide • Accidents • Violence • Alcohol, tobacco, and drugs • Risk of poverty-related disease • Pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, HIV/AIDS
Drug abuse • Most alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use starts during adolescence • Supply side: slow progress on restrictions (curbs on advertising and marketing), yet more choice of drugs • Demand : Globalization of demand for drugs among young people (more high rates in ever-more countries)
“Typical” lifetime drug use rates, youth age 15-16, OECD countries _____________________________ • Alcohol: 68 to 98 per cent • Tobacco: 47 to 86 per cent _____________________________ • Cannabis: 35 to 43 per cent • Inhalants: up to 22 per cent • Ecstasy: 4 to 5 per cent _____________________________ Conclusion: Many young people have been in contact with drugs Source: World Youth Report 2003, Chapter 6 table 3
Young people are more likely to commit an offense than any other group Source: U.S. Census estimates, 1999 Uniform Crime Report
Juvenile Delinquency • Most young people will eventually desist from criminal or deviant behavior • Some delinquency takes place in youth subcultures (gangs) • Policy option: “Deter and incapacitate” or “engage and rehabilitate”
Gender-based stereotyping, including discrimination Unequal treatment in the worlds of education and work Access to reproductive health services to prevent STDs and pregnancy Violence against women; female infanticide, genital mutilation; sexual abuse and exploitation Girls and young women
Five “New” Youth Issues since 1995 World Youth Report 2003, and noted in GA resolution 58/133: • Globalization(youth in a global economy) • ICT(youth in civil society) • HIV/AIDS(youth at risk) • Youth and conflict prevention (youth at risk) • Intergenerational relations(youth in civil society)
Youth and Globalization • Economic globalization – two views: • Benefits young people: they are quick adapters • Hurts young people: they are being exploited • Social aspects of globalization: • young people come closer together: local issues become global issues vice versa: glocalization • it has created a more uniform youth culture -> see next topic.
Information and communication technology • Traditional forms of socialization of young people are being challenged • New technology brings a uniform culture of • Information • Pleasure • Autonomy A new global youth culture, increasingly media-driven
HIV/AIDS • Almost 12 million young men and women live with HIV/AIDS • 5,000 to 6,000 young people get infected every day – 2 million new cases in 2004 • Gender imbalance in infection rates • >95 percent of all infections among young people through unsafe sex, • In some regions: young IDUs and MSM
Young people and conflict • Young people are offenders and victims - they kill and are being killed, more than any other group. • 111 armed conflicts over the last decade • 2 million deaths and 5 million wounded • 300,000 child soldiers have been fighting in some 49 countries
Intergenerational issues • An ageing society: 4 times as many old people in 2050 • Increasing dependency ratios • Multi-generational societies • Who gets to decide on how to share the resources?
