The Age of Imperialism: The Making of a European Global Order

1. DemiDec Super Quiz PowerPoint The Age of Imperialism:The Making of a European Global Order 2011-2012: The Age of Empire

2. I: The First Age of Imperialism

3. The First Age of Imperialism • In this section we will cover: • European expansion into America and beyond • Spain and Portugal start things off • Britain and France follow and dominate • Reasons for expansion • Economic dynamism • Mercantilism • The end of the first age of imperialism • Long-lasting effects

4. Pre-expansionary Interactions • Europeans explored prior to the Age of Imperialism • The Roman Empire • The Crusades • Power was not concentrated in Europe • The Ming Dynasty and Admiral Cheng-Ho • The Ottoman Empire

5. Portugal and Spain Take the Lead • Portugal began exploring early in the 15th century • Prince Henry the Navigator • The Fortunate Isles • Capo Blanco • Spain soon followed suit • Captured Portuguese possessions

6. Continuing Expansion • Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama changed the face of exploration • Columbus’s “discovery” of America in 1492 • Da Gama’s 1498 arrival in Asia • Treaty of Tordesillas • Divided the New World

7. The Company System • Reasons for existence • Lack of government financing • Economic opportunity • Examples • British companies • The VOC • The French • Others

8. New World Colonies • Spanish exploration and colonization • Herman Cortes and Mexico • Francisco Pizarro and Peru • France later explored North America • Jacques Cartier • Réné de Laudonnière and St John’s River

9. Dutch Expansion • Dutch success in Asia • Indonesia • Dutch trading companies • The VOC • The WIC • Success throughout the world • Africa • North America

10. British Divided Attention • Uninterested in the New World • Henry VII and domestic issues during • Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church • Establishing a domestic empire • Modern English imperialism • Subduing Scotland

11. Ireland • Plantation idea • Thomas Smith • Acceleration of Irish colonization • Oliver Cromwell and William of Orange • 1800 Act of Union

12. Ireland: Precursor to America • Blueprint for British colonization of America • Displacement and dispossession • Many of the same people were involved • Migrants • Individual economic self-improvement of settlers • Single men

13. Early British Expansion • Exploration • John Cabot • Ferdinand Magellan • Expansion • Economic problems • John Hawkins • Martin Frobisher • John Davis • Thinking about colonies

14. Francis Drake • Attacker of Spanish ships and settlements • “El Diablo” • Moved to exploration in 1577 • Raided Callao and Lima • Returned to the New World in 1585 • Lost at sea

15. British New World Colonies • Humphrey Gilbert’s plan • Newfoundland • Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh • Richard Grenville: 1585 • John White: 1587 • CROATOAN • Moving on from Roanoke • The end of Raleigh

16. The Caribbean and Asia • The Caribbean • “(One of) the happiest most colonized places on Earth!” • Triangle trade • Asia • Another triangle trade • “Bullion for goods”

17. A New Epoch in Imperialism • 1715 marked the beginning of a new era • Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands dropped out • Peace of Utrecht • Spain attempted to keep its empire • France and Britain: Two superpowers

18. Economic Dynamism • A myriad of factors caused 18th century changes to Europe’s economy • Growing population • Consumer demand • Innovations • Mercantilism • Military backbone

19. Dutch Decline • Important counterexample to the rise of empire • Greatest maritime power of the 17th century • Political and demographic stagnation • Elimination of Dutch middlemen • Evolved into Europe’s financial brokers • Paper currency, stock market, and central bank

20. Mercantilism • Favorable balance of trade for the home country • New inflow of gold and silver • Adam Smith’s counterarguments • Use by Atlantic colonial powers • Exploitation of overseas colonies • Dependence of trade on naval power

21. Slavery • An economic foundation • Global trade’s dependence • New World purchases • An ordeal • Mass deaths • Horrendous conditions • Anti-slavery efforts

22. British and French Commercialism • The rivalry evolved during the 18th century • The West Indies • West Africa • North America • India • Key Differences • France: Centralized colonial control structure • Britain: Independent countries

23. The Great War for Empire • The last large-scale European war before the French Revolution • Known as the Seven Years’ War • French and Indian War • William Pitt • Seizing of French colonies • Treaty of Paris

24. The Conquest of India • The East India Company • Battle of Plassey • Dual government • Political power over Bengal • Exploitation of rivalries • Parliament seizes control • India Act of 1784 • Lord Cornwallis

25. Colonial Opposition • Colonial opposition began in 1808 • Joseph Bonaparte • Congress of Vienna • The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Loss of European control

26. The End of the First Phase • 1815: The End • America • Foundations for new European-Asian interactions • Changing political and economic factors

27. Review • Why did Britain not kick off the first age of imperialism? • How did the company system affect European expansion prior to 1815? • How did slavery effect the New World colonies?

28. II: New Imperialism

29. New Imperialism • In this section we will cover: • The rise of the new “empire” • Europe colonizing the world • India, the Ottoman Empire, and China • The Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia, and Africa • Jules Ferry and his address to the National Assembly • Technological imperialism • Development of weaponry • Steamers • The Suez Canal

30. Differing Definitions of Empire • Old “empire” • New World empires • “Empire” version 2.0 • Liberal empire • Asia and Africa • Version 3.0: “New” and improved • New imperialism • Social Darwinism

31. Challenges to the Old Empire • External challenges • Slave agitation • Independence movements • Loss of control • Internal problems • The antislavery movement • The Enlightenment

32. Economic Rationale • Free trade • Elimination of tariffs • Capitalism • Adam Smith and David Ricardo • Inefficiency of mercantilism • Economic deterioration • Haiti • Jamaica

33. The End of Slavery and the Rise of the Market Economy • The end of slavery • Religious fervor, humanitarian sentiment, and economic support • Abolition of slavery • Rise of the market economy • Growth of industrial capitalism • Free, self-regulating market

34. Enlightenment Universalism and Cultural Relativism • Enlightenment universalism • Common development path for all societies • Assimilationism • Cultural relativism • Skeptical of supposed European cultural superiority • Value in other societies

35. James Cook and Thomas Macaulay • Captain James Cook • Explorer of the South Pacific • Possessed morality inherent in liberal empire • Thomas Macaulay • Law Member of the Governor General’s Council • Transformation of “backward societies”

36. India • Battle of Plassey • British domination • Economic disaster • Alteration of India’s economy • Industrialization in Britain • Abandonment of subsistence farming

37. The Ottoman Empire • The Sick Man of Europe • Tanzimat • British dependence • De facto British colony • The Crimean War • The Ottoman Public Debt Commission • Disintegration of cultural cohesion

38. China • The Sick Man of the East • Opium and the trade imbalance • The First Opium War • Seizing Canton • Treaty of Nanjing • Taiping Rebellion • Economic exploitation • No formal colonization

39. The Pacific Rim and Southeast Asia • The Pacific Rim • Australia • New Zealand • Southeast Asia • Expansion through India and China • Influence to independent political powers

40. Japan • First occurrence of European failure • Escaped implicit and explicit European rule • Following the footsteps of the Chinese • Matthew Perry • Fortune reversal • Meiji Restoration • Extension of influence

41. Early African Interactions • Greatest imperial shift in the 19th century • More frequent interactions • Marketplace potential • Potential site for civilization • Obstacles • Disease • Physical features

42. European Expansion in Africa • Movement toward colonization • Removal of obstacles to penetrating Africa • Public interest • Expansion into the interior • British expansion • Egypt

43. Jules Ferry: An Introduction • The man • Head of France’s colonial expansion • The speech • Address before the National Assembly in July 1883 • Critics’ voices in the speech

44. Jules Ferry’s Address • Economic ideas of colonial expansion • France’s lack of export markets • “Ideas of civilization in the highest sense” • Rights of superior races over inferior races • “Ideas of politics and patriotism” • Increase in global competition

45. The Colonial Exhibition • The Exhibition itself • Purposes for being • Marshal Hubert Lyautey • Focus on information • The Exhibition’s results

46. A Historical and an Economic Perspective • Historical perspective • No systematic expansion • Internal hostility in early 1880s • World War I • Economic perspective • Forced labor • Land intrusions

47. Colonial Opposition: North Africa • History of the region • Terrible year of hunger • Albert Camus • Open rebellion • Election of the Popular Front

48. Colonial Opposition: North Africa • Algerian resistance • The North African Star • Moroccan resistance • Moroccan Action Committee • Tunisian resistance • The Destour • The Neo-Destour • Tunis strikes

49. Technology and the Triumph of Europe • Technology as the triumph of Europe • Western conquest of the world with industrial technology • Began in the 19th century • Social history of technology

50. The Early Exploration of Africa • The beginnings of exploration • Portugal • Lacking the means • Disease • Diogo Cäo • Francisco Barreto • James Tuckey