West African Civilizations

1. West African Civilizations

2. Geography • Africa is the second largest continent on Earth. • Africa is kind of shaped like a soup bowl. Low in the middle with mountains around the edge. In the northwest are the Atlas Mountains. • In eastern Africa, mountains are next to deep rifts. • Rifts are long, deep valleys formed by the movement of the Earth’s crust.

4. Geography • The Sahara Desert in North Africa is the world’s largest desert. • sub-Saharan Africa (Africa south of the Sahara desert) is crossed by rivers (Congo, Zambezi, Niger)

5. Geography • Niger River started as place for great West African civilizations (4 main regions): • northern band -southern part of the Sahara (sand and gravel-world’s largest desert-over 120’F - rain rare) • Sahel (divides desert from wetter areas-some animals) • Savannah (grassland with scattered trees - animals common) • Rain forests (near equator - heavy rains - lots of plants and animals) Sahel Savannah Rain Forest

6. Geography - Resources • Traditional crops • Dates • Kola nuts – traditionally used in medicine • Salt • Needed addition to their diet • Came from the Sahara • Gold • Used for jewelry and coins • Came from the southern forests

7. Trade and Economy • People rarely traded in the desert because horses could not go very far without water, but in the AD 200s, Romans started to use camels. Camels could carry heavy loads and water, and could cross Sahara in two months! • Dangers of trade • Thieves • Weather • Supplies might run out • They could get lost in the desert

8. Trade and Economy • Trade in Gold and Salt • Camels carried salt from the northern mines of the Sahara to the south to trade for gold. • Silent barter • People traded without contact • Salt traders would go to riverbank and leave slabs of salt • Salt traders would beat a drum and then retreat • Gold traders would come from the river and leave an amount of gold they thought was appropriate • Gold traders would beat drum and then retreat • Salt traders would return and, if they thought the amount of gold was fair, the deal was done…if not, then they would barter • Timbuktu and Djenne’ became major trading cities.

9. West African Empires

10. Empire of Ghana • Politics and Government • Farmers banded together around 300 AD to protect against nomadic warriors • Learned how to work with iron, made weapons. This was superior to other armies who only had wood, bone and stone weapons.

11. Empire of Ghana • Ghana was between the Sahara Desert and the deep forests. • This location was good for trade of gold, iron and salt. • Ghana controlled the trade and became wealthy! • Armies of Ghana began to take over trade from merchants and gained wealth • Other signs of wealth: sheep, cattle, honey, leather, golden-thread tassels

12. Empire of Ghana

13. Empire of Ghana • By 800 AD Ghana was in control of West Africa’s trade routes • Ghana’s army protected the routes so it was safe to trade there – people came which made Ghana wealthier. • Traders came through Ghana and leaders started to…charge taxes on goods sold AND goods bought. • Also taxed people they conquered.

14. Empire of Ghana • Ghana’s own mines gave them wealth in gold • Some of their gold was traded • Ghana’s kings also kept huge amounts of gold for themselves • All of the gold produced in Ghana was technically the property of the king. • NO ONE besides the king could own a gold nugget. Common people could only own gold dust which they used as money.

15. Empire of Ghana • Ghana’s kings could not govern such a large empire so they allowed conquered kings to keep their power and these conquered kings acted as governors of their territories. • Ghana was a mighty empire but by the end of the 1200’s it had collapsed – What happened?? • Invasions – Almoravids attacked and wanted Ghana to convert to Islam. • Overgrazing – Almoravids brought lots of animals with them and the land became overgrazed and then useless. • Internal Rebellion – conquered people rose up and rebelled.

16. Empire of Mali

17. Empire of Mali • Located along the upper Niger River • Fertile soil • Location allowed it to control trade on the river • First powerful leader was Sundiata (soohn-JAHT-ah) • He conquered Ghana • Took over the salt and gold trades • Improved agriculture • Crops – beans, onions, rice. He introduced cotton to Mali • Sundiata consolidated power – he took power away from local leaders and took the title mansafor himself. • Mansas were political and religious leaders – most of the later mansas were Muslim

18. Empire of Mali

19. Empire of Mali • Mansa Musa was Mali’s most famous ruler • He was a Muslim king • Mali reached its height in the 1300’s • Because of Mansa Musa’s influence, Islam spread throughout West Africa • spread Islam and his own wealth—hajj to Mecca and gave gold to Egyptians • One story says he arrived in Cairo, Egypt with 100 camels each carrying 300 pounds of gold and 60,000 men! • He ruled for about 25 years • His army captured Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenne’

20. Empire of Mali • Mansa Musa supported education • Schools were set up for studying the Qur’an • Timbuktu became famous for its schools • He stressed the importance learning to read and write the Arabic language • Arabic became the main language • The Fall of Mali • When Mansa Musa died his son Maghan took over the throne. He was a weak ruler • Raiders attacked and set fire to Timbuktu’s schools and mosques. • The empire was too big to control and invaders continued to weaken it. • The kingdom fell by 1500!

21. Empire of Songhai

22. Empire of Songhai • Rivals of Mali • Lived along the Niger River • Grew wealthy from trade • Sunni Ali • Powerful leader in 1464 • Conquered lands and helped Mali fight off invaders and then kept it for himself! • Promoted unity. He was Muslim but participated in local religions as well.

23. Empire of Songhai • Sunni Ali died in 1492 and his son Sunni Baru took over. Sunni Baru was not a Muslim and the people rebelled against him • The leader of the rebellion was Muhammad Ture who took over power and became Askia the Great • Strong Muslim • Supported education – universities, libraries and mosques in Timbuktu. Djenne’ became a center of learning especially for doctors • Governors loyal to him and controlled his provinces throughout the empire • Created a large and powerful army • He lost power to his son in 1528. He had gone blind and his son exiled him to an island. He lived there for nine years and then was brought back to Songhai by another of his sons.

24. Empire of Songhai • The Fall of Songhai • Morocco wanted Songhai’s salt mines in 1591 and invaded • Invaded with arquebus (early form of gun) and cannons • Slowly, African trade patterns changed. Overland trade declined and people traded more by sea.

25. Empire of Songhai

26. Religion • Some religious practices were common from village to village • A traditional belief in the importance of family • Many believed that the spirits of their ancestors stayed nearby. • Animism • The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits. • Shows the West African dependence on the natural world for survival.

27. Society and Culture • Families • Typically an extended family • Included the father, mother, children, and close relatives all living in one household. • Loyalty to your extended family was expected. • Groups • Sometimes people formed other types of groups • Age-sets = men or women of the same age would form special bonds and help each other

28. Society and Culture • Villages worked together – everyone had specific duties • Men hunted and farmed • Crops were millet and sorghum • Raised goats and sheep • Women farmed, collected firewood, ground the grain, carried water and cared for the children. • The elders (older people) taught the family’s traditions and values to the younger generations through songs, dances, and stories. • Children began working as soon as they were able.

29. Society and Culture • Oral History • None of the major early civilizations of West Africa developed a written language. • They passed along information through oral histories – spoken records of past events • Storytellers were entrusted to remember and pass along West Africa’s history • Griotswere West African storytellers • Highly respected in their community • Their stories were entertaining and informative. They told of past events and of deeds of ancestors • They also recited proverbs – short sayings of wisdom or truth. • Proverbs were used to teach moral lessons. • Travelers through West Africa wrote about the traditions and history of West Africa.

30. Society and Culture • Art • Sculpture • Made statues and carvings out of wood, brass, clay, ivory, stone and other materials • Most of the statues were made for religious rituals • Mask and cloth making • Carved elaborate masks made of wood and painted them. They would be worn during rituals • Kente cloth – a hand-woven brightly colored fabric

31. Society and Culture • Music and Dance • Used to celebrate specific events or ceremonies • Call and Response

32. Science and Technology • Sometime around 500 BC West Africans discovered how to make iron • They learned that by heating the iron again they could shape it into useful things. • Tools • The Nok – early people living in what is now Nigeria – made: • The Hoe • Arrows • Spears • Iron tools allowed West Africans to live in places they couldn't live before. They used the blades to cut down trees and clear land for farming.