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15-2 West African Civilizations

15-2 West African Civilizations. Gold-Salt Trade. Berbers. SALT. GOLD. Ghana. Gains power by taxing trade caravans Trade: Gold & Salt People wanted gold, Ghana needed salt Circular trade of goods b/w Africa & the Mediterranean 800s: Ghana’s kings ruled taxes & gifts

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15-2 West African Civilizations

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  1. 15-2 West African Civilizations

  2. Gold-Salt Trade Berbers SALT GOLD

  3. Ghana • Gains power by taxing trade caravans • Trade: Gold & Salt • People wanted gold, Ghana needed salt • Circular trade of goods b/w Africa & the Mediterranean • 800s: Ghana’s kings ruled taxes & gifts • Limited supplies of gold to keep prices up – WHY?

  4. Islamic Influences • Spread: • North Africa: Conquest • Sub-Sahara: Trade • Faith introduced by settling merchants • Muslim advisors influenced the kings of Ghana • Many maintain belief in animism • Spirits of living things hold a spiritual powers • Almoravid conquest of Ghana disrupts trade

  5. Mali • Kingdom founded by the Mande-speaking peoples • Wealth built on gold – trade routes shift • 1st great leader – Sundiata • Conquers Ghana • Establishes peace & prosperity • Established an effective, sophisticated government

  6. Mansa Musa • Brought stability to Mali after death of Sundiata • Skilled military leader who controlled the gold-salt trade • Governed empire through provinces • Devout Muslim – undertook a hajj • Timbuktu becomes a major place for trade & learning

  7. Mali Empire [13c-15c] SALT GOLD

  8. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

  9. Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

  10. Ibn Battuta • Traveling historian from Tangier, North Africa • Devout Muslim • Explored the Islamic world for 27 years • Wrote extensively about his travels • Timbuktu & Mali (p. 416) • Reached China & wrote about their culture

  11. Ibn Battuta’s Journey

  12. Songhai • Power = controlled trade routes • 1464: Sunni Ali – builds empire through conquest • Professional army that was mobile • Captured Timbuktu (Mali’s capital • Acquired Djenné through marriage (trade city)

  13. Songhai Empire [15c-16c] SALT GOLD

  14. Askia Muhammad Governs Well • Askia Muhammad – Overthrew Ali’s son for power • Excellent administrator – efficient tax system & specialized officials • Collapses due to lack of modern weapons • 1591: Defeated by Moroccan invaders with guns Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]

  15. Hausa City-States • Society grouped by a common language • Local rulers controlled farm lands from walled cities w/ horsed-armies • Wealth: Farming & Trade • Kano & Katsina (major trade outposts) • Slave Trade • Zazzau – sells captives to other city-states for goods

  16. Yoruba • Collection of farming states in the area of Nigeria & Benin • Ifo & Oyo largest kingdoms • Kings = religious & political leaders • Descended from 1st ruler of Ife (religious authority) • Secret society of political & religious figures limit kings • Cities (centers of trade) supported by farms = growth, trade, & art

  17. Benin • Began in the 1200s near the Niger Delta • Ruled based on descent • 1400s – Major state = powerful army • Lagos to Niger Delta • Artistic culture – brass & copper • 1480s: Benin begin trading with Portugal • Beginning of the slave trade

  18. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

  19. Key Idea In West Africa three empires—Ghana, Mali, and Songhai—thrive by controlling the trade of gold and salt. Muslim merchants and teachers bring Islam to West Africa. Other major states develop there, including the Hausa city-states, the Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo, and Benin.

  20. TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA Overview •Ghana •Mali •Sundiata •Mansa Musa •Ibn Battuta •Songhai • Hausa •Yoruba •Benin WHY IT MATTERS NOW West Africa contained several powerful empires and states, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. These empires demonstrate the richness of African culture before European colonization.

  21. 2 Section Assessment Mali Songhai Copy this graphic into your notes to help organize your thoughts. List characteristics of stateless societies. Both Broke away from Mali; had war canoes, mobile horseback fighters, and strong centralized government Revived salt/gold trade, had strict judicial system, built mosques, visited by Ibn Battuta Controlled Timbuktu, had strong leaders, created Muslim empires, dominated trade

  22. 2 Section Assessment 2.  Which of the two—the Yoruba people or the people of Benin—had more influence on the other? Explain. THINK ABOUT •when the kingdoms flourished •political traditions of each •artistic traditions of each ANSWER •The Yoruba people had more influence—their kingdoms flourished earlier. •Benin’s kings claimed descent from a Yoruba king. •Benin’s artists claimed to have learned from Yoruba artists. Possible Responses:

  23. 2 Section Assessment 3.  What do you think was the most effective method Ghana used to regulate its economy? Explain.THINK ABOUT •trade routes •ownership of gold •taxes ANSWER •Controlling trade routes, because Ghana’s rulers could grow rich by taxing traders. •The law that only the king could own gold nuggets, because it kept inflation down. •Laws and practices ensuring fair trade and deterring bandits, because they helped trade thrive. Possible Responses:

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