Industrialization and Nationalism

1. Industrialization and Nationalism

2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution

3. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • 1780’s • Starting place • Agrarian revolution • Population growth • Enclosure movement laws • Britain had a ready supply capital • Entrepreneurs –laissez-faire economy • Supply of markets – British colonies

4. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • Changes in Cotton Production • Two step process: • Spinners • Weavers • Cottage Industries • Technological advancements • Flying Shuttle • Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves • Water-powered loomEdmund Cartwright • Bring the workers to the machines • Steam engine – James Watt • Production increases

5. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • The Coal and Iron Industries • Coal– Fuel • Iron Industry • Iron ore • Henry Cort –puddling • British iron industry booms • The New Factories • New labor system • Discipline of the workers • Railroads • Richard Trevithick • George Stephenson – Blucher • Stockton & Darlington – Manchesterto Liverpool • Rocket • Railroads economic impact • New jobs • Less expensive transportation • Larger markets • More sales mean more factories • Profits – reinvestment in new machines • Economic growth

6. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • The Spread of Industrialization • Europe • Belgium, France and Germany • North America • Roads and canals • Robert Fulton –Clermont • Railroad • Labor • Factory owners

7. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • Social Impact in Europe • Population and Urban Growth • Population in Europe • 1750 – 140 million • 1850 – 266 million • Key – decline in death rate • Urbanization • Famine and poverty • Enclosure laws and industrialization • Large cities • Poor conditions – urban reformers • The Industrial Middle Class • Industrial Capitalism • New middle class group • Industrialists were people who built the factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets – they had the initiative, vision, ambition and greed

8. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Working Class • Poor working conditions • Long hours • No security of employment • No minimum wage • Coal Mines • Dangerous conditions • Cotton Mills • Worst conditions • Michael Saddler • Factory Act of 1833 • Women • Employment of women and children - cottage industries

9. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution • Early Socialism • Reformers • Socialism • Public ownership • Ideal society • Utopian Socialists • Karl Marx • Robert Owen • Socialist • New Lanark, Scotland • U.S. – New Harmony, Indiana

10. Section 2: Reaction and Revolution

12. Section 2: Reaction and Revolution • The Congress of Vienna (1814) • Restore old order • The Great Powers • Prince Klemens von Metternich • Monarchs • Balance of Power • Territorial changes • Keep any one power • Conservatism • social stability • political authority • keep order • Anti • The Concert of Europe • Principle of Intervention • the right to send armies • Great Britain

13. Section 2: Reaction and Revolution • Forces of Change • Liberalism • Enlightenment • Protection of civil liberties • Bill of Rights • Constitutionalism • Representative assembly • Did not believe in democracy • “men of property” • Liberalism = Middle class men • Nationalism • Part of a community defined by a distinctive language, common institution, and customs • French Revolution • Nationalism was threat to the existing political order • Revolutionary Outbursts (Led by liberals and nationalists) • France • Charles X in 1830 • Constitutional monarchy • Louis Philippe • Belgium (1830) • Nationalism • Dutch in 1815 • Independent state • Poland and Italy • Poland from Russia • Italy from Austria

14. Section 2: Reaction and Revolution • The Revolutions of 1848 • Another French Revolution • Economic problems • Louis Philippe • Monarchy overthrown in 1848 • Wanted France to become a republic • Constitutional assembly • Universal Male Suffrage • November 4, 1848 • Second Republic • Single legislature & President • Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Louis-Napoleon • Trouble in the German States • The German Confederation • 38 independent German states • Frankfort Assembly • Revolutions in Central Europe • Austrian Empire • A Multinational State • Hapsburg Dynasty • March 1848 • Demonstrations • Metternich • Vienna • In Bohemia, the Czechs • Revolts in the Italian States • 9 states in Italy • Kingdom of Piedmont – north • The Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily) • The Papal States • A number of small states • Lombardi and Venetia – Northern Province – controlled by Austria • In 1848 – revolts • By 1849

15. Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism

17. Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism • Toward National Unification • Breakdown of the Concert of Europe • The Crimean War • Russia and Ottoman Empire • Russia needs a warm water port • 1853 – Moldavia and Walachia • Great Britain and France • Treaty of Paris 1856 • Concert of Europe • Italian Unification • Kingdom of Piedmont • Royal House of Savoy ruled here • Island of Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy • King Victor Emmanuel II • Camillo di Cavour • Following the war – Nice and Savoy • Lombardy • Venetia • Giuseppe Garibaldi – Red Shirts • Garibaldi –The Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples) • King Victor Emmanuel II • Austro-Prussian War of 1866 • Franco-Prussian War

18. Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism • German Unification • Prussia • King William I • Otto von Bismarck • “realpolitik” • Denmark • Austria • Prussia – North German Confederation • Southern German states • France • Franco-Prussian War 1870 • Peace Treaty • 5 Billion Francs • Alsace and Lorraine • Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles • William I • Kaiserof the Second German Empire

19. Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism • Nationalism and Reform in Europe • Great Britain • Parliament avoids revolution • Queen Victoria (1837-1901) • France • Louis-Napoleon • Plebiscite • Napoleon III • The Austrian Empire • Nationalism was a problem for them • Compromise of 1867 • Created a duel monarchy of Austria-Hungary • Vienna, Austria and Budapest, Hungary • Francis Joseph • Russia • Crimean War • Czar Alexander II • Emancipation Edict • Alexander in 1881 • His son Alexander III • Trans-Siberian Railroad

20. Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism • Nationalism in the United States • US Constitution • Two factions • Federalists • Republicans • War of 1812 • Slave trade ended in 1808 • Slavery • 4 million • South’s economy was based on cotton • Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin • Abolitionism • Movement to end slavery • Fredrick Douglas • President Abraham Lincoln • Election of 1860 – Lincoln • December 20, 1860 – South Carolina – voted to secede • February 1861 - 6 more • Confederate States of America • 4 more states seceded • The American Civil War (1861-1865) • Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation • Confederate forces surrendered on April 9, 1865

21. Section 4: Romanticism and Realism

22. Section 4: Romanticism and Realism • Romanticism • 1700’s a new intellectual movement • feelings, emotion, and imagination • Valued individualism • Loved the past – Middle Ages • Romanticism in Art and Music • Romantic Artists shared two features: • Inner feelings • Vision and imagination • Eugene Delacroix • “a painting should be a feast for the eyes” • Liberty Leading the People • The Lion Hunt • Music • Ludwig van Beethoven • Classical and romantic music • Third Symphony

23. Section 4: Romanticism and Realism • Romanticism in Literature • Sir Walter Scott • Ivanhoe • Gothic Literature • Mary Shelley’s – Frankenstein • Edgar Allen Poe’s • short stories of horror • Poetry • Was the ideal art form • William Wordsworth • Critical of science • William Blake – poet and artist • Songs of Innocence • Songs of Experience

24. Section 4: Romanticism and Realism • New Age of Science • New Discoveries • Louis Pasteur • Dmitry Mendeleyev • Michael Faraday • Secularization • Charles Darwin • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection • Principle of Organic Evolution • Natural Selection • Survival of the fittest • The Decent of Man • Controversial

25. Section 4: Romanticism and Realism • Realism • Realism in Literature • Gustave Flaubert • Madame Bovary • Charles Dickens • Oliver Twist • David Copperfield • Realism in Art • Gustave Courbet • portray scenes from everyday life • “ I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them”