Endocrine System

1. Endocrine System Kacie Cavin, Laurna Todd, Cassidy Sheppard

2. What is the Endocrine System? • The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the blood stream. These products broadcast messages throughout the body.

3. Endocrine System • The endocrine system is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth. • The endocrine system works with the urinary system, nervous system, and digestive system. The nervous system works to maintain homeostasis

4. Hormones • Hormones are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells. • Hormones are able to do this by binding to specific cells called Target Cells. • A bodies response to hormones are slower and longer lasting than a nerve impulse

5. Glands • A gland is a organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion. • Major Glands: Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, and Thymus.

6. Pituitary Gland • The Pituitary Gland make hormones. • It is a pea-sized structure that is located at the base of the brain.

7. Pituitary Anterior Lobe • The anterior lobe secretes several hormones that are essential for the growth and development. • The Growth Hormone is essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs. • Hyposecretion of the growth hormone can cause dwarfism and Simmonds disease. Hypersecretion can cause gigantism during child years and acromegaly during adult years

8. Adrenocorticotropin and Follicle-Stimulating Hormones • Adrenocorticotropin is needed for growth and development for the middle and inner zones of the adrenal cortex • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential for the growth of ovarian follicles in the female reproductive system and production of sperm in the male

9. Luteinizing Hormone & Prolactin • As with the Follicle-Stimulating Hormones, the luteinizing hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum in the female & the production of testosterone in males • Prolactin is a gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands

10. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone • This hormone regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight

11. Pituitary: Posterior Lobe • This lobe stores and secretes two very important hormones: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin • Antidiuretic Hormone stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules & has a pressor effect that elevates blood pressure. Hyposecretion can result in diabetes insipidus • Oxytocin helps the release of milk during suckling & stimulates the uterus

13. Pineal Gland • The Pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities • Melatonin can be used to help regulate the release of gonadotropin • Serotonin is a hormone that is a neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, etc & it acts to inhibit gastric secretion

15. Thyroid Gland • Thyroid has the major role in regulating the bodies metabolism levels. This gland also produces thyroxine. • Thyroxine (T4) helps maintain and regulate the basal metabolic rate. It has 4 iodine atoms which are attached to its nucleas

16. Thyroid • Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone that contains 3 iodine atoms • Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a hormone that influences bone and calcium metabolism • Hyposecretion of hormones T3 and T4 results in cretinism during child years, myxedema during adulthood, and Hashimotos disease which is a chronic thyroid disease

17. Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 results in hyperthyroidism (also known as thyrotoxicosis and Graves Disease)

18. Parathyroid Gland • These glands are small, yellowish bodies that are located on the dorsal surface and lower thyroid gland • Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid gland maintain homeostasis in the blood calcium levels • This gland also promotes proper nerve and muscle function, and also bone structure

19. Parathyroid Gland • Part of this gland is to secrete the parathyroid (PTH) • PTH is short fo parathormone hormone, which is essential for the maintenance of a normal serum levels. It can also help with the metabolism of phosphorus • Hyposecretion can result in hypoparathyroidism, and hypersecretion can result in hyperparathyroidism

21. Pancreas • The Pancreas is a cluster of cells that resemble islands which is called islet of Langerhans • Pancreas gland produces insulin and glucagon. It also regulates in the level of glucose in the blood. • There are three major types of cells: Alpha, Beta, and Delta

22. Pancreas • Alpha cells secretes Glucagon, which breaks down glycogen to glucose and elevates blood sugar • Beta cells secretes Insulin which is needed to maintain normal blood sugar, and also for life. It regulates metabolism of glucose, and of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. • Delta cells secrete Somatostatin, which lessens the release of glucagon and insulin.

24. Adrenal Gland • Two pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the kidneys • Helps the body prepare for and deal with stress • The outer part is called the adrenal cortex and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla

25. Adrenal Cortex • More than 80% of the Adrenal Gland is located here • The cortex secretes the Glucocorticoids, the Mineralocorticoids, and the Androgens. • The Glucocorticoid has two hormones: cortisol and corticosterone

26. Glucocorticoid • The Glucocorticoid has two hormones: cortisol and corticosterone • Cortisol is the main hormone that is secreted by the cortex • Corticosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

27. Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone is a principle of Mineralocorticoid secreted by the Adrenal Cortex • Is essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion • Reduced plasma volume can be a result of hyposecretion, and Primary aldosteronism can be a result of hypersecretion

28. Adrenal Medulla • The Medulla synthesizes, secretes, and stores catecholamines, specifically Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine • Dopamine dilates systemic arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, etc • Epinephrine acts as a vasoconstrictor. Its main function is to regulates the sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system • Norepinephrine acts as vasopressor, etc. It elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increase heart rate & cardiac output

29. Adrenal Gland

30. Ovaries • Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone, which are female hormones • Estrogen is the female hormone and Progesterone is a steroid hormone • Both are essential for promoting growth, development, and maintenance

32. Testes • The Testes produce the male hormone Testosterone, which helps with normal growth and development for the male sex organs

33. Placenta • The placenta serves as a endocrine gland. It connects the mother and child together during the pregnancy. • Produces chorionic gondaotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone

34. Gastrointestinal Mucosa • This mucosa area of the pyloric area of the stomach makes the hormone Gastrin, which stimulates the gastric acid secretion. • It affects the gallbladder, pancreas, and small intestine secretory activities • The mucosa of the duodenum makes the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion

35. Gastrointestinal Mucosa • Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin is also secreted by Duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas • Enterogastrone, which regulates gastric secretions, is also secreted by the Duodenal Muscosa

36. Gastrointestinal Mucosa

37. Thymus • Thymus is located in the mediastinal cavity in front of and above the heart. • Secretes the hormones Thymosin and Thymopoietin • Thymosin promotes the T lymphocytes and Thymopoietin produces lymphocytes precursors and aids in the process of becoming T lymphocytes

38. http://iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Endocrine%20System/endocrine%20chart%20copy.jpghttp://iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Endocrine%20System/endocrine%20chart%20copy.jpg

39. Diseases • The Endocrine has many diseases. Some of them are: • Addison’s Disease • Diabetes Mellitus • Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism

40. Addison's Disease • Addison's disease - It is caused due to hyposecretion of hormones by the adrenals. • It is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones

41. Diabetes Mellitus Disease • Diabetes Mellitus is the most common Endocrine Gland disease in childern • It occurs the most in 5-7 year olds and 11-15 year olds • Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia are symptoms of this disease

42. Hypothyroidism Disease • Hypothyroidismis a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

43. Hyperthyroidism Disease • Hyperthyroidism is an excessive secretion of thyroid hormone. It is a conditon that can affect many body systems

44. Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Abdominal pain and cramping, changes in bowel movements, and other symptoms

45. Peptic Ulcer Disease • A peptic ulcer is a defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum.

46. Citations • Rice, J. (2008). Medical terminology: A word building approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education • Postlehwait, J. H., & Hopson, J. L. (2009`). Modern biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. • Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. (2002). Prentice hall biology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

47. Citations • BrainPOP. (n.d.). Endocrine system. Retrieved from http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/endocrinesystem • Ashlesha, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/endocrine-system-diseases-list.html • Pictures from Google Images