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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells. For every glucose molecule that is respired aerobically 38 ATPs’ (adenosine tri phosphates) are produced. If respiration is anaerobic only two ATPs’ are produced.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.

  2. For every glucose molecule that is respired aerobically 38 ATPs’ (adenosine tri phosphates) are produced. If respiration is anaerobic only two ATPs’ are produced. The reactions occur in three steps. Glycolisis is the process in which the glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate ions yielding 2 ATPs’. The link reaction occurring in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The Krebs cycle in the mitochondrion which yields the biggest amount of energy.

  3. Aerobic Respiration In terms of chemistry glucose is oxidised by molecular oxygen which is itself reduced in order to form carbon dioxide and water and release energy. This is illustrated in the equations below: C6H12O6 + O2 2 C3H4O3+ 2H2O (removal of hydrogen) (pyruvate ion) Then 2 C3H4O3 + 5 O2 6 CO2 + 4 H2O (oxidation # of O2 0) -->(oxidation # of O2 2-) Overall C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

  4. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration is carried out in the absence of water. However there are differences between the two types of respiration: It should be stated that bacteria proceed with alcoholic fermentation which results in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

  5. Transition metals that aid in the process of respiration • The ability of the transition metals such as copper and iron that have many oxidation numbers is a very important feature. • These two metals are present in the cytochrome enzyme that catalyses the oxidation reaction organic molecules. • The metal ion in the cytochrome is surrounded by a porphyrin ligand (containing 4 nitrogen atoms which donate electrons to make the complex more stable). • During oxidation glucose the Fe3+ ion for example is reduced to • During reduction of oxygen to water the ion is oxidized to Oxidation step: C6H12O6+ 6H2O  6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e- Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ Reduction step: O2 + 4H++ 4e- 2H2O Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-

  6. Haemoglobin – an oxygen carrier The ability of iron to form complexes is also important in hemoglobin. Haemoglobin consists of: • Four large polypeptides • Four irons each surrounded by porphyrin ligand (hem group). At high oxygen concentrations haemoglobin binds to oxygen molecules so that it can act as an extra ligand. At low concentration the reverse process occurs. If cgarbon dioxide and CN- bind to the haemoglobin molecule they form irreversible complexes that prevent the transport of oxygen.

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