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David Evans cs.virginia/evans

Lecture 4: Introducing Recursive Definitions. David Evans http://www.cs.virginia.edu/evans. CS200: Computer Science University of Virginia Computer Science. Menu. Rules of Evaluation PS1 Question 2 Defining Recursive Procedures. (square 4). Eval Rule 3a: Application. square. 4.

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David Evans cs.virginia/evans

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  1. Lecture 4: Introducing Recursive Definitions David Evans http://www.cs.virginia.edu/evans CS200: Computer Science University of Virginia Computer Science

  2. Menu • Rules of Evaluation • PS1 Question 2 • Defining Recursive Procedures CS 200 Spring 2004

  3. (square 4) Eval Rule 3a: Application square 4 Eval Rule 1: Primitive Eval Rule 2: Names Eval Rule 3b: Application (lambda (x) (* x x)) 4 Apply Rule 2: Compound Application (* 44) Eval Rule 3a: Application 4 4 * Eval Rule 1: Primitive Eval Rule 1: Primitive 4 4 Eval Rule 3b: Application #<primitive:*> Apply Rule 1: Primitive Application 16 CS 200 Spring 2004

  4. Composition Define a procedure that takes two parameters: f a procedure that takes one parameter g a procedure that takes one parameter and evaluates to a procedure that is the composition of f and g. ((compose f g) x) should evaluate to the same thing as (f (g x)). CS 200 Spring 2004

  5. Evaluation > (define compose (lambda (f g) (lambda (x) (f (g x))))) > (define square (lambda (x) (* x x))) > (square 2) 4 > (compose square square) #<procedure:5:6> > ((compose square square) 2) 16 CS 200 Spring 2004

  6. Question 2 • Without Evaluation Rules, Question 2 was “guesswork” • Now you know the Evaluation Rules, you can answer Question 2 without any guessing! CS 200 Spring 2004

  7. 2d (100 + 100) Evaluation Rule 3. Application. a. Evaluate all the subexpressions 100 <primitive:+> 100 b. Apply the value of the first subexpression to the values of all the other subexpressions Error: 100 is not a procedure, we only have apply rules for procedures! CS 200 Spring 2004

  8. 2h (if (not "cookies") "eat" "starve") Evaluation Rule 4-if. Evaluate Expression0. If it evaluates to #f, the value of the if expression is the value of Expression2. Otherwise, the value of the if expression is the value of Expression1. Evaluate (not "cookies") CS 200 Spring 2004

  9. Evaluate (not "cookies") Evaluation Rule 3. Application. a. Evaluate all the subexpressions <primitive:not> “cookies” The quotes really matter here! Without them what would cookies evaluate to? b. Apply the value of the first subexpression to the values of all the other subexpressions (not v) evaluates to #t if v is #f, otherwise it evaluates to #f. (SICP, p. 19) So, (not “cookies”) evaluates to #f CS 200 Spring 2004

  10. Defining not (not v) evaluates to #t if v is #f, otherwise it evaluates to #f. (SICP, p. 19) (define (not v) (if v #f #t) CS 200 Spring 2004

  11. 2h (if (not "cookies") "eat" "starve") Evaluation Rule 4-if. Evaluate Expression0. If it evaluates to #f, the value of the if expression is the value of Expression1. Otherwise, the value of the if expression is the value of Expression2. Evaluate (not "cookies") => #f So, value of if is value of Expression2 => “starve” CS 200 Spring 2004

  12. DrScheme Languages • If you didn’t set the language correctly in DrScheme, you got different answers! • The “Beginning Student” has different evaluation rules • The rules are more complex • But, they gave more people what they expected CS 200 Spring 2004

  13. Comparing Languages Welcome to DrScheme, version 205. Language: Pretty Big (includes MrEd and Advanced). > + #<primitive:+> Welcome to DrScheme, version 205. Language: Beginning Student. > + +: this primitive operator must be applied to arguments; expected an open parenthesis before the primitive operator name > ((lambda (x) x) 200) function call: expected a defined name or a primitive operation name after an open parenthesis, but found something else CS 200 Spring 2004

  14. closer-color? (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (+ (abs (- (get-red color1) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color1) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color1) (get-green sample)))) (+ (abs (- (get-red color2) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color2) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color2) (get-green sample)))) )) CS 200 Spring 2004

  15. (+ (abs (- (get-red color1) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color1) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color1) (get-green sample)))) (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (+ (abs (- (get-red color2) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color2) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color2) (get-green sample)))) )) CS 200 Spring 2004

  16. (lambda ( ) (+ (abs (- (get-red ) (get-red ))) (abs (- (get-blue ) (get-blue ))) (abs (- (get-green ) (get-green )))) sample color1 color1 sample sample color1 (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (+ (abs (- (get-red color2) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color2) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color2) (get-green sample)))) )) CS 200 Spring 2004

  17. (define color-difference (lambda (colora colorb) (+ (abs (- (get-red ) (get-red ))) (abs (- (get-blue ) (get-blue ))) (abs (- (get-green ) (get-green )))) colorb colora colora colorb colorb colora )) (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (color-difference color1 sample) (+ (abs (- (get-red color2) (get-red sample))) (abs (- (get-blue color2) (get-blue sample))) (abs (- (get-green color2) (get-green sample)))) (color-difference color2 sample) )) CS 200 Spring 2004

  18. (define color-difference (lambda (colora colorb) (+(abs (- (get-red colora) (get-red colorb))) (abs (- (get-green colora) (get-green colorb))) (abs (- (get-blue colora) (get-blue colorb)))))) (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (color-difference color1 sample) (color-difference color2 sample))) What if you want to use square instead of abs? CS 200 Spring 2004

  19. (define color-difference (lambda (cf) (lambda (colora colorb) (+ (cf (- (get-red colora) (get-red colorb))) (cf (- (get-green colora) (get-green colorb))) (cf (- (get-blue colora) (get-blue colorb))))))) (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< (color-difference color1 sample) (color-difference color2 sample))) CS 200 Spring 2004

  20. (define color-difference (lambda (cf) (lambda (colora colorb) (+ (cf (- (get-red colora) (get-red colorb)) (cf (- (get-green colora) (get-green colorb)) (cf (- (get-blue colora) (get-blue colorb)))))))) (define (closer-color? sample color1 color2) (< ((color-difference square) color1 sample) ((color-difference square) color2 sample))) CS 200 Spring 2004

  21. The Patented RGB RMS Method /* This is a variation of RGB RMS error. The final square-root has been eliminated to */ /* speed up the process. We can do this because we only care about relative error. */ /* HSV RMS error or other matching systems could be used here, as long as the goal of */ /* finding source images that are visually similar to the portion of the target image */ /* under consideration is met. */ for(i = 0; i > size; i++) { rt = (int) ((unsigned char)rmas[i] - (unsigned char)image->r[i]); gt = (int) ((unsigned char)gmas[i] - (unsigned char) image->g[i]; bt = (int) ((unsigned char)bmas[i] - (unsigned char)image->b[i]; result += (rt*rt+gt*gt+bt*bt); } Your code should never look like this! Use new lines and indenting to make it easy to understand the structure of your code! (Note: unless you are writing a patent. Then the goal is to make it as hard to understand as possible.) CS 200 Spring 2004

  22. The Patented RGB RMS Method rt = rmas[i] - image->r[i]; gt = gmas[i] - image->g[i]; bt = bmas[i] - image->b[i]; result += (rt*rt + gt*gt + bt*bt); • Patent requirements: • new – must not be previously available • (ancient Babylonians made mosaics) • useful • nonobvious • about ¼ of the class came up with this method! • (most of rest used abs instead, which works as well) CS 200 Spring 2004

  23. CS200 PS Grading Scale • Gold Star – Excellent Work. You got everything I wanted on this PS. (only 1 on PS1) • Blue Star – Better than good work (4 on PS1). • Green Star – Good Work. You got most things on this PS, but some answers could be better. • Silver Star – Some problems. Make sure you understand the solutions on today’s slides. PS1 Average:  CS 200 Spring 2004

  24. No upper limit  - Double Gold Star: exceptional work! Better than I expected anyone would do. - Triple Gold Star: Better than I thought possible (moviemosaic for PS1) - Quadruple Gold Star: You have broken important new ground in CS which should be published in a major journal! - Quintuple Gold Star: You deserve to win a Turing Award! (a fast, general way to make the best non-repeating photomosaic on PS1, or a proof that it is impossible) CS 200 Spring 2004

  25. Problem Set 2 • Main ideas: recursion, procedures • We have covered everything you need after today • Lots more code for you to write • As we progress, problem sets will expect you to write more code on your own • PS8 is “Do something worthwhile using things you have learned from this class.” (But will be a little bit more specific about what is expected.) CS 200 Spring 2004

  26. Charge • Many, many important problems can be solved by recursive definitions • Read GEB Chapter 5 before Monday’s class: lots of great stuff in there! CS 200 Spring 2004

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