Fuel and Air Quality Issues : PM and NOx Mukesh Sharma Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

1. Fuel and Air Quality Issues : PM and NOxMukesh Sharma Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

2. Are we the worst? And what it means (Kumar et al., 2013) 2

4. Time Series : 1998-2004 New Delhi (source: CPCB) Average PM10: 400 ug/m3 d[NOx]/dt = 10 ug/m3-yr Summer PM10 Variation NOx , SO2and PM10 Interlinked. How? Summer NOx Variation

5. 2009 - 2010

6. Fuel - Three Major Issues • PM and (ii) NOx (iii) VOC PM: BC, PA, SOA, SIA NOx: Itself, NOx, SIA, SOA, Ozone VOC: Itself, Ozone, SOA Managing the three – magnify co-benefits

7. [Pace, 2004]

8. IITK - Background • VN - Residential • CG - Kerbside • AHM - Commercial • DN - Industrial • GN – Residential • RD - Traffic IITK VN CG AHM Downtown Area DN GN RD Land Use and Sampling Sites on 2x2 km Grids

9. Seasonal Variations of Carbon Contents in PM10

10. Percentage Contributions of Carbons, Ions and Elements in PM10 • Broad Meaning; • Carbon: Combustion • Ions: Secondary Particles and Soil • Elements: Soil • More finer break up – needs modelling

11. City Level Inventory from Various Sources, (year 2007)

12. Spatial Variations of Emissions Over the City (a) 2007; (b) 2012; (c) 2017 NOx

13. Overall Results of CMB8.2 Modeling for PM2.5 • Contribution of vehicles larger in PM2.5 (28 – 37 %) compared to what it was in PM10 (10 – 25 %). - Secondary Particle continue to be important – more in PM2.5

14. Seasonal Variations of NOx for Source Contributions by ISCST3 Results

15. ISC Modeling Results for 2007, 2012 and 2017 BAU of PM10from Various Sources in Different Grids over the City

16. ISC Modeling Results for 2007, 2012 and 2017 BAU of NOxfrom Various Sources in Different Grids over the City

17. Prominent Control Options and Potential Air Quality Improvements (Selected for Final Scenario Development)

18. Overall Percent Improvement in Air Quality for ten Critical grids w.r.t. Scenario

19. Modeling Results of NOxafter Scenario- 3 Implementation over the City Monthly Average Daily Average

20. Particulate Emission and Sulphur in Fuel USEPA Emission Factors – factor ‘S’ Content

23. EU Experience

24. South Africa

25. Primary and secondary components of PM2.5 For Kanpur SIA was the predominant contributing component (32–40%) followed by EC and OMpri (17–18%) and SOA (12–18%). The crustal matter contribution to PM2.5 was higher in summer (10%) than in winter (7%), primarily due to the fact that high wind speeds in summer can make the loose and dry soil airborne. [Behera & Sharma 2011; AS&T] Relative composition of sources in PM2.5

26. SIA Result & Validation for Kanpur (WRF-CMAQ Model)

27. (Quazi & Sharma 2013)

28. VOCs • Volatility of fuel – Evaporative emissions – existing and • new fuels • (working and estimating the volatility) • Benzene is important factor • Massive emissions from petrol pumps – can recovery • part of Fuel policy • Lubricating Oil • Major metal emissions from composition of Lubricating oil

29. Thank you!