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Principles of Ecology

Principles of Ecology . What is ecology?. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Biosphere. The part of the earth that supports life Air (Atmosphere) Water (Hydrosphere) Land (Lithosphere)

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Principles of Ecology

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  1. Principles of Ecology

  2. What is ecology? The study of the interactions between organisms and their environments.

  3. Biosphere • The part of the earth that supports life • Air (Atmosphere) • Water (Hydrosphere) • Land (Lithosphere) • Variety of organisms in a wide range of conditions that they are adapted to survive in

  4. Biotic vs. Abiotic • Biotic factors: living factors in an environment • Ex: • Abiotic factors: nonliving factors in an environment • Ex:

  5. Levels of Organization • Organism • Population • Biological Community • Ecosystem • Biome

  6. Organism- One member of a species • The lowest level of organization that ecologists study Population- All members of a species living in the same location at the same time • Individuals must compete to survive • What limits the size of a population?

  7. Community- A group of populations that interact in the same location at the same time • Includes all plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and protists • May or may not compete for resources

  8. Ecosystem- A biological community and all the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it • Boundaries are defined by scientists • Can change • Can overlap

  9. Biome- A large group of ecosystems that have • the same climate • similar types of communities

  10. Ecosystem Interactions • Habitat: an area where an organism lives • Tree • Grove of trees • Niche: the role an organism has in its environment • How it meets its need for • Food • Shelter • Survival • Reproduction

  11. Community Interactions • Each organism depends on and competes with other organisms. • Competition: occurs when organisms need to use same resource at the same time • Food • Water • Space • Light

  12. Symbiosis: relationship in which two organisms live in close association to each other • Mutualism: Two species live together and benefit from each other • Ex: Termite and protozoa in stomach • Commensalism: One organism is helped and the other is not helped or harmed • Ex: Remora sharks and whales • Parasitism: One organism is helped and the other is harmed • Ex: Mosquitoes and humans

  13. Symbiosis

  14. Energy in an Ecosystem • Autotrophs: organisms that get energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food (Producers) • Heterotrophs: organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms (Consumers)

  15. Herbivore: Consumes only plants • Ex: cows, rabbits, grasshoppers • Carnivore: Eats other heterotrophs • Ex: lions, wolves • Omnivore: Eat both plants and animals • Ex: humans, bears, mockingbirds • Detritivore: Eats dead things and return nutrients to the environment • Ex: hyenas, vultures, fungi, bacteria • Why are they important? What would happen without them?

  16. Food Chains • Shows how energy flows through an ecosystem • Flow on energy is one way into the consumer

  17. Food Web • Shows feeding relationships in an ecosystem • Contains several food chains

  18. Pyramid of Energy • Shows energy flow by trophic levels • Indicates the amount of energy available to next level (~10%)

  19. Pyramid of Biomass • Shows the amount of biomass consumed by the level above it • At each level there is less energy available to support organisms

  20. Nutrient Cycles • Nutrients cycle through biosphere • Needed for organisms to survive • Water • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorous producer  consumer detritivore environment

  21. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems

  22. Limiting Factor • Any factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms • Sunlight • Climate • Water • Fire • Space • Other plant or animal species Factors that limit one species might enable another

  23. Range of Tolerance • Upper and lower limit of tolerance that an organism can survive when exposed to certain factors • Optimum zone: range that is best suited for the organism • Zone of physiological stress: zone between optimum zone and tolerance limits

  24. Ecological Succession Primary Succession Secondary Succession • Begins with bare rock • Ex: lava flow forms rock • Pioneer Species: the first organisms to appear • Lichen- creates soil to support other life • Might take hundreds of years for ecosystem to balanced • Climax Community: a stable, mature community; little change in number of species • Begins with disrupted community; soil present • Fire, flood • Over time species belong to community are likely to return • Pioneer communities quickly progress • Ends in climax community

  25. Succession

  26. Succession in a Pond • Eventually the pond fills in with soil • Some last only a couple weeks others for thousands of years • Ponds go from: • Oligotrophic (nutrient poor) to • Eutrophic (nutrient rich)

  27. Biomes Land Aquatic • Tundra • Taiga (Boreal Forest) • Temperate Deciduous Forests • Grasslands • Deserts • Savannas • Tropical Rain Forests • Fresh Water • Transitional • Marine

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