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Warmup 8/25

Warmup 8/25. What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after? Man Concrete 2. What other types of energy are probably present ?. Warmup 8/25. What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after? Balloon

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Warmup 8/25

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  1. Warmup 8/25 • What are the major types of energy of the • following before the collision and after? • Man • Concrete • 2. What other types of energy • are probably present?

  2. Warmup 8/25 • What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after? • Balloon • Water • Person • What other types of energy are probably present?

  3. What helps us understand space? • Actual samples from space • Particle accelerators • Telescopes • All wavelengths of light

  4. What is Light? • Energy • Electromagnetic wave • Can travel without a medium (matter) • Transverse waves

  5. Many Types of Light • Electromagnetic spectrum • All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s) • Vary in wavelength and frequency

  6. Types and Uses • Radio • Microwave • Infrared • Visible • Ultraviolet • X-ray • Gamma

  7. Energy in Waves • Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run? • High energy • Short wavelength • High frequency • Large amplitude

  8. Really Muscular Idiots Visualize Ultra X-treme Grannies

  9. Scientific Notation • Used to write really BIGor small numbers easily. • For example... 100000000000000000000000stars in the universe Easier… 1 x 1024 stars in the universe That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.

  10. The Better Way • How can we use this for all numbers? Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles - There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109 - Since the non-zero numbers are 467… 4.67 x 109

  11. Standard form to scientific notation • 7,345 • 0.000007 • Can you go backwards? Scientific notation to standard form • 9.807 x 1012 • 2.11 x 10-6

  12. Warmup 8/26-27 • List the types of light in the Electromagnetic spectrum in order. Which type of light do you think is the most useful to humans and WHY? • Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation. • Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.

  13. How has our “picture” of the universe changed? • Greeks • Aristotle • Earth-centered • Rotating spheres

  14. Early Scientists • Galileo • Copernicus • Kepler • Newton • Mathematical laws about movement of planets • First to use telescope in astronomy • Calculation of gravity • Sun-centered universe

  15. Next generation of scientists… • Einstein • Calculations • Universe changing size • Disbelieved • Added a constant to his equations • Results = static universe • Friedmann • Removed Einstein’s constant • Universe changing shape • Won Einstein’s approval http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png

  16. The Big Bang Theory • Lemaitre • Priest and physicist • Universe began as a single point • Expanded since that time • Hubble • Astronomer • Published around same time • Provided evidence http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/

  17. Spectroscopy Activity Draw the lines that you see • Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate Write a conclusion – based on your observations, what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce?

  18. How is a spectrum created? • All objects emit light • Pure light from a source • Continuous spectrum • If light passes through gas or dust • Light absorbed • Excites/heats atoms • Emit own light • Makes an emission spectrum • Unique https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jbattat/a35/cont_abs_em.html

  19. What does a spectrum tell us? • Each chemical or atom has a unique spectrum. • Like a fingerprint • What chemicals are present http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html

  20. How do astronomers use spectra? • Look at light from • Stars (gas in outer layers) • Nebula • Determine chemical composition • Can also determine movement of object http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/

  21. Unknown Sodium Hydrogen Lithium Mercury

  22. Warm Up #2 • Why are emission spectra important? • How are emission spectrum created? • What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?

  23. Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift • Change in emission spectrum • Same pattern • Shifted from where it should be

  24. Relating back to light… • Blue-shift • Moving towards us • Wavelength shortens • Red-shift • Moving away from us • Wavelength lengthens • Bigger the shift the further away it has come from • Hubble only saw red-shifted spectra http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html

  25. Hubble’s Conclusions • Universe moving away from us • Things further away are moving away faster • Expansion rate has since beginning https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967

  26. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation • Further evidence of the big bang • Picture = • Universe all same temp • Very cold • Not what we actually see • Where else could the microwaves come from? • Extreme red-shift • From a high energy wave • Travel long distances • Oldest light we observe • Time when universe was all the same temp. • The Big Bang

  27. “Why do we use/have to learn about the Metric System?” • Scientists need a universal way to communicate data. • 195 countries in the world use metric system. 3 don’t. • Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are not labeled in metric units.

  28. Who do we think we are? United states Myanmar Liberia

  29. “What does the Metric System measure?” • Length - meters, m • Mass– grams, g • Volume - liters, L • Time- seconds, s • Temperature - Celsius, ºC

  30. Metric Conversion (Staircase Method) To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right Kilo (k) 1000 units Hecto(h) 100 units Deka(da) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left

  31. For example… 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 units Hecto (h) 100 units Deka (dk) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

  32. For example… 7 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 units Hecto (h) 100 units Deka (dk) 10 units Basic Unit (m, g, L) Deci (d) 0.1 units Centi (c) 0.01 units Milli (m) 0.001 units Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. 3 Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

  33. Let’s practice… 150 .15 L = _________ mL .2 20 cm = _________ m 470,000 .47 km = _________ mm

  34. Warm-up

  35. What is Space? • Is it empty? • Brainstorm a list with your neighbor of 5 things you might find in space … • Interstellar medium • Dust and Gas • Nebulas Orion Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/ Large Magellanic Cloud http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/

  36. Nebular Hypothesis • How do we get from Point A to Point B? • Random collisions of atoms • Areas of growing mass • Spherical shape • Pull in more matter • Increase in • Temperature • Pressure • Spin • Creates a bulge in the sphere http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg

  37. Nuclear Fusion • High temperatures • 2 particles become 1 • Releases a lot of energy • Video clip • Particle accelerators • Man-made • Create new elements • Find smallest particles http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/ Fermi National Lab http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/

  38. Color and Temperature • What did you see as a pattern? • Objects give off a variety of light • Peak depends on temperature • Peak shows most common type of light http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html

  39. H-R Diagram Graphing Activity • Look for patterns http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/ http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

  40. Main Sequence Stars • Find group on H-R diagram • Wide variety • Highest # of stars • Stars stay here the longest • Actively fusing hydrogen into helium • Outward pressure from fusion • Inward pressure from gravity • Equal in these stars • Maintain size http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/the-science-of-the-supernova/ http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

  41. How do we know how far away that is? • Parallax effect • Compare distant stars to nearby stars • Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun • Calculate the distance • Further away = less of a shift • Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM

  42. http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif

  43. Looking Back in Time • If a star is 10 light years away • How old is the light we see today? • Is that star still there today? • If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away • If they could see with the Earth with great detail, what would they see right now? • When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean? http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/

  44. Light-Years • Distances in space are very large • Created new unit - Light year • Distance • 9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi • Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles

  45. Daily Review #6

  46. What happens to our Sun? • Form red giants • Fusing helium • Core collapsing • Outer layers spread out • Cools http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html

  47. What then? • Forms a white dwarf • Ran out of helium • No more fusion • Outer gasses moving away • Planetary nebula • Leaves a hot, dense core http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html Ring Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/ Cat’s Eye Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

  48. What about the fate of larger stars? • Become red supergiants • Fuse elements larger than helium • All the way to iron • Short lives • Supernova • No more fusion • Core violently explodes • Fuses heavier atoms • Very bright, short time • Spreads out material http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/

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