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Warmup : What do the following word stems mean?

Warmup : What do the following word stems mean?. If you don’t know, guess. Paleo – Like paleo ntology Neo – Like neo natal nurse. Egalitarian. Forager. Domesticated Animal. Patriarchy. Pater – father - archy – rule by Mater - mother Sinistrabrevirosmarchy. Pastoralism.

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Warmup : What do the following word stems mean?

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  1. Warmup: What do the following word stems mean? If you don’t know, guess. Paleo – Like paleontology Neo – Like neonatal nurse

  2. Egalitarian

  3. Forager

  4. Domesticated Animal

  5. Patriarchy Pater – father -archy – rule by Mater - mother Sinistrabrevirosmarchy

  6. Pastoralism

  7. Specialization of labor

  8. Textiles

  9. Metallurgy Stone -> Bronze -> Iron

  10. Hierarchical social structure

  11. Bureaucracy

  12. Stratification

  13. Divine

  14. Dissemination

  15. Agrarian

  16. Monumental architecture

  17. Diffusion

  18. PRE-HISTORY PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES TO THE RISE OF CITIES

  19. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY • The Hominids • Australopithecus • Appeared in east Africa about 4 million to 1 million years ago • The term means "the southern ape" but it belongs to hominids • Walked upright on two legs, well-developed hands • Fashioned stone tools, probably knew how to use fire later • Homo erectus • Flourished 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, east Africa • The term means "upright walking human" • Large brain allowed for different functions • Sophisticated tools, definitely knew how to control fire • Developed language skills • Language probably a hunting skill • Migrations of Homo erectus • 500,000 to 200,000 years ago • First migrated to north Africa • Later migrated to Asia and Europe

  20. PALEOLITHIC AGE • Homo sapiens • The term means "consciously thinking human" • Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago • Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought • The advantages of intelligence over other species • Migrations of Homo sapiens • Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout Eurasia • Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago • Land bridges enabled them to populate islands of Indonesia, New Guinea • The natural environment • Homo sapiens used knives, spears, bows, and arrows • Brought tremendous pressure on other species

  21. Early Human Migration

  22. PALEOLITHIC CULTURE • Neanderthal peoples • Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany • Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago • Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings • Cro-Magnon peoples • The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago • Classified as Homo sapiens sapiens • A noticeable interest in fashion and artistic production • Social Organization • Small family units, clans of generally no more than 15-20 people • Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting, gathering • Women could be leaders • Venus figurines • Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings • The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility • Cave paintings • Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain • Subjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magic

  23. Venus figurines • Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings • The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility

  24. ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE • Neolithic era • "New stone age" - refined tools and agriculture • Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago • Most likely, Paleolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants • Paleolithic men began to domesticate animals • "Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural revolution" • Early agriculture • The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. • Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers • About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and Americas • The spread of agriculture • Advantages of cultivation over hunting and gathering • Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths • Agriculture provided a surplus

  25. Some people start to change from hunting/foraging to agrarian life.How will this drastically change society in terms of Population? Material possessions? Diet? Gender roles? The environment? Social hierarchies? Religion? Architecture?

  26. EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY • Population explosion caused by surplus • Emergence of villages and towns • Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Sea) • Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited trade • Mud huts and defensive walls • Specialization of labor • Neolithic site of ÇatalHüyük (south-central Anatolia) • Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000 inhabitants • Craft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile production • Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were common • Social distinctions • Agriculture brought about private land ownership • Social classes emerged, as seen in ÇatalHüyük site • Beliefs • Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life cycle • Increasing deification, anthropomorphism of nature, seasons • Increasing masculinization of deities

  27. NEOLITHIC ERA IN SOUTHWEST ASIA

  28. Cain and Abel = Neolithic Revolution?

  29. ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE • Emergence of cities • Tended to emerge in hostile environments • Harsh environments required stronger organization • Cities were larger and more complex • Cities influenced life of large regions • Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia • Region called Sumer • Ur, Erech, Uruk • Other hearths of urban civilization • Indus River Valley • Nile River Valley • River Valley of the Huang He • Coastal Jungles of Mexico

  30. Clash of Cultures Agrarians vs. Pastoralists (Farmers vs. Shepherds)

  31. PART I:THE ORIGINS OF CIVILIZATION

  32. PART I • Paleolithic Age • Humans had spread around globe • Humans were hunter-gatherers • Life style could not support large numbers • Man makes tools of stone, bone • Began around 9,000 BCE • Rise of agriculture • Culture becomes increasingly complex

  33. PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC • Many resist sedentarism • Pastoralists • Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20th century • Development uneven across regions • Change often slow • Indigenous development vs. diffusion

  34. CIVILIZATION’S 1ST PHASE • Five major centers beginning around 4,500 BCE • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Nile River Valley • Indus River Valley • Northern China (Huang He) • Central America • Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out • Often arose around control of water • Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations • Irrigation, flood control at center of power, changes • Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

  35. THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION • Permanent Institutions • Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism • Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries • Social: Rise of classes • Gender: Patriarchy • Trade and Commerce • Systems of Record Keeping • Intellectual Traditions • Arts, Architecture • Literatures

  36. WIDER CONTACTS • Each civilization had particular patterns • Effects of Geography • Either facilitated, hindered communication • Strengthened, weakened local culture • Contacts • War, Trade, Diseases • Nomads • Migration

  37. Mesopotamia

  38. The Sumerians

  39. Ziggurats

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