Lecture 9a- 14 MARCH 2019 Non gi tract catabolism of proteins

1. Lecture 9a- 14 MARCH 2019 Non gi tract catabolism of proteins Norepinephrine – stress hormone and neurotransmitter

2. beta-carotene-fat soluble Minerals in metabolism and regulation of metabolism

3. Outline of lectures 9a,b Minerals     Definition of minerals     Inorganic elements     Body's handling of minerals     Variable Bioavailability     Nutrient Interactions     Varied roles     Class exercise

4. Outline of lectures 9a,b Major minerals     Definition of major minerals     Inorganic elements     Body's handling of minerals     Variable Bioavailability     Nutrient Interactions     Varied roles     Found in what foods     Roles in metabolism including regulation of metabolism     Class exercise

5. Outline of lectures 9a,b Minor minerals     Definition of major minerals     Inorganic elements     Body's handling of minerals     Variable Bioavailability     Nutrient Interactions     Varied roles     Found in what foods     Roles in metabolism including regulation of metabolism     Class exercise

6. More detailed comments

7. More detailed comments Minerals Definition of minerals             -inorganic elements

8. More detailed comments Minerals    Inorganic elements             -are not changed in the body             -minerals in = minerals out (compare to all other nutrient classes discussed thus far)             -can not be destroyed by heat, light, acid or mixing             -can only be lost by leeching

9. Minerals Body's handling of minerals             -some require no carriers into intestinal wall, are transported freely and are readily excreted             -some require carriers into intestinal wall, are not transported freely.

10. Minerals Variable Bioavailability             -some food components bind minerals reducing their bioavailability Nutrient Interactions             -one mineral can affect another minerals absorption, and excretion Varied roles             -may different roles including water balance-next lecture

11. Class exercise • Why are minerals essential? 2) Why do minerals have different roles? 3) Why are minerals unable to be transformed by the body? 4) What does inorganic mean?

12. Major minerals     Definition of major minerals             -present in body in amounts of greater than 5 grams

13. Major minerals Inorganic elements-             Sodium             Chloride             Potassium             Calcium             Phosphorous             Magnesium             Sulphur

14. Major minerals Body's handling of minerals             potassium easily absorbed into the blood, transported freely, and readily excreted by the kidneys-like water soluble vitamins             calcium needs carriers to be absorbed and transported- like fat soluble vitamins

15. Major minerals Variable Bioavailability-bioavailability refers extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used    -phytates in legumes and grains plus oxalates in spinach and rhubarb reduce mineral(eg calcium) absorption Nutrient Interactions      -sodium intake high- leads to high sodium and calcium excretion     -phosphorous binds with magnesium in the small intestine so magnesium absorption limited when phosphorous intakes are high

16. Major minerals Varied roles-calcium-bone building                        -sodium- water balance

17. Major minerals Sodium-sources- table salt, processed foods -metabolism- water balance                                     -acid base balance (excretion of hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions in kidney)

18. Major minerals Chloride-sources- table salt, processed foods -metabolism- water balance                                     -hydrochloric acid

19. Major minerals Potassium-                 -sources-all whole foods, meats, milk, fruits, grains -metabolism- water balance                                     -supports cell integrity                                     -promotes steady heartbeat

20. Major minerals Calcium                 -sources-milk and milk products, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, chard   -metabolism- bone and teeth formation                                     -cell signalling

21. Major minerals Phosphorous                 -sources-all animal tissues -metabolism- buffers                                     -part of DNA/RNA                                     -phosphorylation of many enzymes and B vitamins to make them biochemically active                                     -ATP                                     -phospholipids-cell signalling

22. Major minerals Magnesium                 -sources-nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate                 -metabolism- enzyme co-factor (glucose use in body plus synthesis of  protein, lipids and nucleic acids)                                     -part of enzyme that transforms ADP to ATP

23. Major minerals Sulphur                 -sources-all protein containing foods -metabolism- protein structure                                     -part of thiamine and biotin

24. Found in what foods Roles in metabolism including regulation of metabolism -degree of presence regulates function

25. Class exercise What is the relation between source and metabolism for the major minerals? Give 5 examples.