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The Promise and Peril of Democratization: 1830 & 1848

The Promise and Peril of Democratization: 1830 & 1848. I. Turmoil after the Congress of Vienna. Shadow of the French Revolution Democratization of industrial society. A. A Legacy of Resistance. 1. Napoleon spread the ideals of Revolution - independence movements throughout Europe

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The Promise and Peril of Democratization: 1830 & 1848

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  1. The Promise and Peril of Democratization: 1830 & 1848

  2. I. Turmoil after the Congress of Vienna Shadow of the French Revolution Democratization of industrial society

  3. A. A Legacy of Resistance 1. Napoleon spread the ideals of Revolution - independence movements throughout Europe 2. Industrialization put up some barriers, broke down others- class & gender ideologies politicized middle and working classes - classes alternately cooperated, competed

  4. 3. The Peterloo Massacre, 1819- “corn laws”- Six Acts 4. The Karlsbad Decrees, 1819 - German students challenge power of larger German states- censorship, authoritarianism Reaction led to greater resistance

  5. B. Grassroots democratization 1. Britain: Reform Bill of 1832 - “rotten boroughs”: parliamentary reform- middle-class suffrage 2. Chartist Movement- universal suffrage- rise of the Liberal Party

  6. 3. Jacksonian Democracy in America- anti-institutional politics- Age of the Common Man 4. Student movements in Germany and France- open to the middle class- generation of radicals

  7. II. The “forgotten” revolution: 1830 National Independence Democracy Economic Justice

  8. A. Struggles for Independence 1. Greece, 1820sa. Russia, Britain, France conspire for Greeksb. popular among Western romantics - Lord Byron Dying as their father died For the God their foes denied

  9. 2. Belgium, 1830 - part of the Netherlands, but Catholic - Great Powers fearful of Belgian democracy- British guarantee neutrality: “Balance of Power”

  10. 3. Poland had long been under Russian, Prussian & Austrian control - Napoleon left behind strong revolutionary legacy - 1830: cadets and students in Warsaw riot, aristocracy timid Russians deploy 180K troops to crush the rebellion

  11. 4. Italy, 1831 - Mazzini, young Italians try to drive Austria out of Northern Italy - gives birth to the underground “Young Italy” Movement Populist, grassroots unification movements generally failed

  12. B. Revolution in France, revisited 1. Charles X and absolutism - ancien regime

  13. 2. Dismisses Chamber of Deputies - election of 1827 - the Four Ordinances 3. July 1830 • Workers, Republican Party seize Paris

  14. 4. “July Monarchy” - install Louise-Philippe as Constitutional Monarch - MC “sells-out” the workers 5. Intermittent class conflict Victor Hugo, Les Miserables

  15. Legacies of 1830: the “Forgotten” Revolutions • Liberal / conservative forces energized This tension will continue to build for another 20 years

  16. III. Revolution of 1848 Liberalism Nationalism Reaction

  17. A. Germany

  18. 1. Strong university tradition, growing middle class 2. Frederick Wilhelm IV agrees to Prussian national assembly - March 1848

  19. 3. Frankfurt Assembly - liberal unification - “crown from the gutter”

  20. B. Austria 1. Fought nationalist uprisings in Hungary, Italy, and Prague 2. 1850, “Humiliation of Olmutz”

  21. In the German states including Austria and Prussia, the Revolution of 1848 led to the concentration of Reactionary (conservative) power Future “liberal” reform stood little chance of success

  22. C. France 1. Louis-Philippe failed to solve economic problems - crackdown on “banquet” campaign

  23. 2. 2nd Republic declared in 1848 - moderates (constitutional reforms) - radicals (universal suffrage; social programs) 3. The Luxembourg Commission - Louis Blanc

  24. 4. Different goals for Revolution - “June Days”: workers create a socialist commune within Paris

  25. Legacies of Revolutions 1. Britain expands democratic institutions 2. France dichotomous political culture 3. Growing distance between authoritarian and liberal states

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