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Chapter 9 Earthquakes

This chapter explores earthquakes and the forces within the Earth that lead to their occurrence. It introduces key concepts such as the elastic limit, faults, and the definitions of focus and epicenter. The chapter also delves into seismic waves, including primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves, explaining how they propagate and their impact on the ground. Understanding these elements is crucial for grasping the mechanics of earthquakes and their potential destructive power on structures and landscapes.

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Chapter 9 Earthquakes

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  1. Chapter 9Earthquakes

  2. Forces inside Earth • Elastic Limit – point at which rocks will remain bent or break, due to applied stresses. • Faults – surfaces along which rocks break and move in different directions relative to the fault surface. • Earthquake– the movement of the ground, caused by waves from energy released as rocks move along faults.

  3. Types of Faults

  4. Earthquake Information • Focus – the point in Earth’s interior where earthquake energy is released. • Epicenter – the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus.

  5. Seismic Waves • These are the waves of energy that move outward from the earthquake’s focus and make the ground shake • Primary Waves – travel through the Earth by causing particles in rocks to compress and stretch apart (back and forth) in the direction of the wave. FASTEST WAVES • Secondary Waves - travel through the Earth by causing particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of the wave.

  6. Primary Waves – travel through the Earth by causing particles in rocks to compress and stretch apart (back and forth) in the direction of the wave. (FASTEST WAVES) • Secondary Waves - travel through the Earth by causing particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of the wave.

  7. Surface Waves • These waves are emitted from the epicenter of an earthquake. Give particles an elliptical and back/forth motion. • These cause buildings to collapse. These waves cause the most destruction. (SLOWEST WAVES)

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