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HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES. PREDICTED BY VSEPR. H. H. C. H. H. FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF. HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS. Electron: Both wave and particle. Electron: Both wave and particle. FORCE & ENERGY. The forces at work are: Electromagnetic:

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HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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  1. UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES PREDICTED BY VSEPR H H C H H FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

  2. Electron: Both wave and particle

  3. Electron: Both wave and particle

  4. FORCE & ENERGY The forces at work are: Electromagnetic: Repulsion of like charges: proton-proton and electron-electronAttraction of unlike charges:proton-electron. Magnetic: Electron spin introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles. Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is required for electrons to occupy the same orbital. N S S N

  5. FORCE & ENERGY The Energies involved: Electron (orbital) Potential Energy: 4p 3d 4s ENERGY LEVEL 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s

  6. 109.5o 120o 90o 180o MATHEMATICS Bond Angles

  7. s, p, & d Orbitals p Orbitals Px Px Pz Pz Py Py

  8. H C H H H Methane building blocks C H H H C H H VSEPR

  9. 3 sp 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3 y Hybridize Promote x 109.5o z Methane: Carbon

  10. H C O O H CH2O Formaldehyde H O C 120o H C H VSEPR

  11. 2 sp 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp2 sp2 sp2 Hybridized Promoted 120o TrigonalPlanar 120o 2s + 2px + 2pz Formaldehyde: Carbon

  12. 2 sp 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp2 sp2 sp2 Hybridized Lone Pairs 120o TrigonalPlanar 120o 2s + 2px + 2pz Formaldehyde: Oxygen

  13. Formaldehyde 2 Lone Pairs Sigma bond  bond

  14. N H C N C H Hydrogen Cyanide HCN H N C

  15. N H C 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp sp Hybridized Promoted sp Linear 2s + 2px Hydrogen Cyanide: Carbon

  16. N H C 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp sp Hybridized sp Linear 2s + 2px Hydrogen Cyanide: Nitrogen

  17. Hydrogen Cyanide HCN N C  bond Sigma bond  bond N H C

  18. Cl Cl Cl P Cl Cl PCl5 Phosphorus Pentachloride Cl P Cl Cl Cl P Cl Cl VSEPR

  19. 3 sp d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d Neon 2 3s 3px 3py 3pz dxz dyz dxy dx2-y2 dz2 Hybridized 90o Promoted 120o TrigonalBipyrimidal 120o Phosphorus Pentachloride: Phosphorus

  20. Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl P

  21. UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR GEOMETRIES PREDICTED BY VSEPR H H C H H FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

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