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Chloride Levels in Dutchess County Waters: Impacts and Future Scenarios

Explore the chloride levels in Dutchess County waters, their implications on the environment, and potential scenarios for the future. Understand the dynamics, impacts, and associated contaminants in local water bodies.

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Chloride Levels in Dutchess County Waters: Impacts and Future Scenarios

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  1. Salt in Dutchess Co Waters –Where, when, so what? Stuart Findlay and Vicky Kelly – Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Don Siegel and Li Jin – Syracuse University

  2. Some Chloride Reference Points • Background - ~ 10 mg/L or less [Catskill Reservoirs] • Sublethal – 50-100 mg/L Subtle yet Significant • Biotic Indices • Microbial processes • Associations • EPA Chronic – 230 mg/L • Drinking Water Std – 250 mg/L • EPA Acute – 860 mg/L • Lethal - 1000 or higher

  3. SIMPLER • REFERENCE <10 mg/L • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ~ 100 mg/L • LETHAL > 1000 mg/L DUTCHESS COUNTY WATERS 80 mg/L (+/- 79 SD)

  4. Dutchess County Chloride (mg/L) Crum Elbow 15-50 Ten Mile 10-40 Casperkill 100-300 (Cunningham et al 2009) Wappinger 10-45 Fishkill 10-100

  5. DC WC Mullaney et al., USGS

  6. Karraker et al. 2008

  7. THE UNEXPECTED • Long-term increases in concentration • High concentrations in summer • Higher concentrations downstream (in summer)

  8. Long-term IncreaseSaw Kill CreekHRNERR • Low-density residential • Yearly mean Cl-concentrations have doubled since 1991 (20 to 40 mg/L) • Similar Cl- concentrations throughout year

  9. No decline in summer concentrations High concentrations in summer • East Branch Wappinger Creek, Millbrook

  10. Downstream increases insummer New York State FISHKILL CREEK Summer 2005 Population Mouth Headwaters

  11. Fig. 4: Frequency distribution of chloride concentrations in surface and well samples from Dutchess County. Groundwater / Surfacewater Private drinking-water wells Non-random but widely distributed A few wells have Cl > surface water concentration – Could support high baseflow concentrations

  12. Residential Land Cover and Chloride (M. Essery) Subwatersheds in the Fishklill Basin

  13. Sources of Chloride(% of flux in Fishkill Creek) (>80%) (5-10%) (~1%)

  14. CHLORIDE IS NOT ALONE – ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONTAMINANTS D. Burns - EMC

  15. Event – Dec 24-27, 2008Fishkill Creek at Beacon Exposure at “peak” concentration equivalent to about twice as long at “baseline” concentration

  16. An Engaging Problem? • Everyone understands “salt”-opportunity for education • Not viewed as a threatening issue -not (presently) a health hazard or regulated material • Point sources don’t always seem to be the problem (no finger-pointing, low media attention) • Chloride is associated with nitrate so trend may suggest presence of other contaminants

  17. The Future? Scenario Tests • Scenario 1--Reducing road salt application by half • Cl decreases up to 20.7% at mouth • Scenario 2- --Doubling road salt application • Cl increases up to 34.2% at mouth 2X Base -50% Jin et al. 2011

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