unit8

1. unit8 Ⅰ. Proverb Ⅱ. Objectives Ⅲ. Background knowledge Ⅳ. Presentation

2. Part12345 PartⅠ Listening & Speaking PartⅡ Reading PartⅢ Grammar PartⅣ Translation PartⅤ Writing

3. Preview Sunshine is delicious,rain is refreshing,wind braces us up, and snow is exhilarating;there is really no such a thing as bad weather,only different kinds of good weather. ~John Ruskin Rain showers my spirit and waters my soul. ~Emily Logan Decens

4. 1. talk about weather in simple English. use sentence structures in the two texts and summarize the main idea of the passages. 2. 4. write an e-mail message in simple English. use adverbial clauses in given contexts. 3. Objectives After studying this unit, the students are expected to be able to

5. Bgklg4fz Kinds of Lightning Cloud Classifications The Sun The Seasons

6. Bg_1 There are words to describe different kinds of lightning.Here are some of them:In-Cloud Lightning（云内闪电）: The most common type, it travels between positive and negative charge centers within the thunderstorm. Cloud-to-Ground Lightning（云对地闪电）: This is lightning that reaches from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground. Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning（云间闪电）: A rare event, it is lightning that travels from one cloud to another. Sheet Lightning（片状闪电）: This is lightning within a cloud that lights up the cloud like a sheet of light.

7. Bg_1-1 Ribbon Lightning（带状闪电）: This is when a cloud-to-ground flash is blown sideways by the wind, making it appear as two identical bolts side by side. Bead Lightning（连锁闪电）: Also called “chain lightning”, this is when the lightning bolt appears to be broken into fragments because of varying brightness or because parts of the bolt are covered by clouds. Ball Lightning（球状闪电）: Rarely seen, this is lightning in the form of a grapefruit-sized ball, which lasts only a few seconds. Bolt from the blue（晴天霹雳）: A lightning bolt from a distant thunderstorm, seeming to come out of the clear blue sky, but really from the top or edge of a thunderstorm a few miles away.

8. Bg_2 Meteorologists name clouds by how high in the sky they form and by their appearance.Most clouds have two parts to their name.Usually the first part of the name has to do with the height and the second part refers to the appearance. If clouds form at the highest levels, they get the prefix “cirro” as the first part of their name.Middle clouds get the prefix “alto”. Low clouds don’t get a prefix. There are two cloud appearance types: cumulus（积云）and stratus（层云）, which are also the basic names of the low clouds.Sometimes they appear higher in the atmosphere and get a combination name with a prefix.For example, middle cumulus clouds are called “altocumulus（高积云） ”and high stratus clouds are “cirrostratus（卷层云）”.If a cloud produces rain or snow it gets either “nimbo” at the beginning or “nimbus” at the end.

9. Bg_3 The sun causes all our weather because it heats the earth unevenly.The contrast between the hot parts and the cold parts of the earth turns our atmosphere into a powerful engine.The engine keeps cold and warm air moving and makes changes in air pressure.Those air pressure changes cause wind.The heat of the sun also helps moisture to rise and form clouds, bringing rain, snow, or thunderstorms.So all the changes in our weather come, at least indirectly from the sun. As the sun warms up the earth, the ground absorbs the heat, and reflects some of it back into the air.That’s one reason why it’s usually warmer near the ground and cooler on the higher hills and mountains.The atmosphere acts like a big blanket over the earth, holding in the warmth and reflecting it back to earth.

10. Bg_4-1 The earth is slightly tilted on its axis.As the sun shines on the earth, it shines more directly on the northern hemisphere in June, and more directly on the southern hemisphere in December.That’s why the seasons are different in each hemisphere.In the spring and fall, the sun shines fairly straight on the equator, giving both hemispheres equal warming. Spring: Variety in Spring Weather In the United States, spring is a time of transition not only for plant and animal life, but for the weather too.It can mean weather extremes from very cold and snowy days to humid and stormy days.Some of the country’s biggest snowfalls have occurred in March, and the period from March to May is the time of year when much of the south is most likely to get severe thunderstorms with hail and even tornadoes.This is why the beginning of spring is a good time to put together a plan for what you and your family would do in case of a severe thunderstorm or tornado.

11. Bg_4-2 Summer: Longest, not Hottest You might think that the longest days of the year would be the hottest.But they are not.The hottest weather, on average, comes about a month after the summer solstice.This is because the amount of heat from the sun continues to accumulate during the long hot days, and the short nights don’t allow as much heat to leave.The days start to cool down only after the days grow short enough to allow more heat to leave the earth’s surface than arrives. Autumn: How Bright Can It Get?

12. Bg_4-3 You may have noticed that in some years, the leaves seem more brightly colored than in others.Again, weather is the reason.The leaves are brightest when the late summer is warm and dry and autumn has a lot of sunny days and cool nights with temperatures in the upper thirties or low forties.The sunny days will help the leaves make some food, but the cool nights will keep the food from moving out of the leaves.Under those weather conditions, the trapped food will form brilliant purple and red chemicals in the leaves.On the other hand, if the autumn days are cloudy and the nights are warm, the leaves won’t produce as much trapped food and so they will not be as colorful.If temperatures go below freezing at night, the frost will dull the leaves’ colors. Sometimes leaves on the same tree may have slightly different colors from one another.That’s because different leaves receive different amounts of sunlight, so some leaves produce more red and purple chemicals than others.On some trees, leaves that receive a lot of sunlight may turn red, while the leaves in the shade may be yellow.Again, it is the sun that is responsible for nature’s wide palette of colors.

13. Bg_4-4 Winter: What’s Up with Winter? During the winter we see some rain, but sometimes we see other forms of precipitation too.Winter precipitation also includes snow, sleet, and freezing rain.The type of precipitation we get depends on the temperature inside the clouds and the temperature between the clouds and the ground.In clouds that are cold enough for ice crystals to form, we can get snow.Those cold clouds aren’t hard to find.Even in the summer, most of our rain actually starts out high in the clouds as snow.But in winter, the temperature of the air is sometimes cold enough all the way from the clouds to the ground, so snowflakes don’t melt into raindrops.They stay in crystal form and we see snow pile up and schools close.

14. part1 5fz Suggested teaching plan for listening and speaking Listening practice Speaking activities Language bank

15. s.t.p 1 Suggested teaching plan for listening and speaking

16. s.t.p 2

17. s.t.p 3

18. l.p z2 Short Conversations Situational Dialogues

19. l.p 1 Directions: You will hear two short conversations in this section. Each conversation will be spoken twice. Listen carefully and do the exercises. Task 1 Fill in the blanks with the words you hear in Conversation 1 Paul: Do you think it’ll be _____ tomorrow? Jane: No, it’s supposed to ________ tomorrow morning. Paul: Well, __________it doesn’t snow. Jane: Yes, and the ___________ said it would become _______________soon. sunny be cloudy as long as weatherman fine and pleasant

20. Listening script l.p 2 Task 2Listen to Conversation 2 and answer the following questions 1 Where did the conversation take place? In Natalie’s room. 2 Where did Natalie go last night? She went to a party. 3 Why didn’t Larry go to the party last night? Because the weather was cold and windy. 4 What did Natalie suggest they do that afternoon? She suggested they go for a walk. 5 What is the weather like last winter? It was very cold and dry at 10 degrees below zero for almost one month.

21. l.p li.s Larry comes by to see Natalie.They talk about the party last night and the weather.Natalie: Hi, Larry! Why didn’t you go to the party last night? Larry: Because it was so cold and windy.Natalie: That’s too bad! It was a really good party.Hey, why don’t we go for a walk this afternoon, Larry? We can enjoy a lot of sunshine, then. Larry: Go for a walk? But it’s so cold out.Natalie: Cold out? What’s the temperature? Larry: About 12 ℃Natalie: 12 ℃? That’s not cold.Just wait until winter. Larry: Why?Natalie: Well... it snows a lot and sometimes it’s very cold.Last winter it was 10 degrees below zero for almost one month! And it was very dry, too. Larry: That sounds awful!Natalie: It wasn’t all that bad.The sun was out almost every day.

22. l.p 4 - 1 Practice Directions: Suppose you (A) and your friend (B) are going to travel in Sichuan.You talk about the weather in Sichuan. Complete the following conversation by filling in the blanks.

23. l.p 4 - 2 A: I like Sichuan because it has a mild climate.B: Yes, but it’s still very ___ in summer and very cold ________ .A: _____________________in Sichuan?B: Autumn is my favorite season in Sichuan.A: Me, too.The air _______________ ,and the sky ______.B: When does spring come in Sichuan?A: The weather starts to get warm in February but spring weather in Sichuan often ___________.B: From mid June to early July,_________________.It rains continually for about a month and it’s very wet.A： July and August are _________ months in Sichuan.B： I hope we can really enjoy our trip in Sichuan!A： I hope so,too hot in winter Which is the best season is cool and clear is blue changes a lot it is the rainy season the hottest

24. Listening script l.p 5 Directions: You will hear two situational dialogues in this section. Each dialogue will be spoken twice. Listen carefully and do the exercises. Task 1Listen to Dialogue 1 and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) 1 The conversation took place in a shop. Both of the speakers were waiting for a bus. They had been waiting for the bus for about 10 minutes. They were in the city of Detroit. They didn’t speak well of the weather forecast. (F) 2 (T) (T) 3 4 (F) 5 (T)

25. l.p li.s A: Oh, I wish that bus would come! My feet are freezing!B: Have you been waiting long?A: It feels like hours,but I suppose I’ve only been here for ten minutes or so.B: That’s long enough in this awful weather.A: This morning the sun was shining and they predicted light rain.B: We had the same thing in Detroit last year.We were supposed to get a little rain one night, but when we woke up, guess what? There were six inches of snow on the ground, and it was still coming down hard.A: That’s typical.

26. Listening script l.p 7 Task 2Listen to Dialogue 2 and finish the statements by matching Column A with Column B B C E A G

27. l.p li.s James: I’m wondering if it is going to be fine tomorrow. Anna: So what? James: Tomorrow’s picnic.But look at the fog.You can only see within a short distance. Anna: But don’t you see the wind is beginning to lift it up？I bet it will be fine tomorrow. James: Don’t be so sure. Anna: You’ve heard the morning weather forecast, haven’t you? James: That’s why I worry.

28. l.p 13 Practice Directions: Suppose you(A) and your partner(B) are talking about weather.Work in pairs and role-play the situation given below.

29. l.p 14

30. s.a 1f Activity 1 Activity 2

31. s.a 1 Directions: Work in pairs to make a dialogue based on the following situation.Try to use no less than four different sentence patterns in Language bank. Situation: You and your friend are talking about weather.Please tell each other about the weather in your own hometown.

32. s.a 2 Directions: Work in pairs.Please make up your own dialogues based on the following situations.You may refer to the sentences in Language bank and the information below. Situation: You and your friend Sarah are talking about the seasons

33. l.b Wfz

34. 1 lb

35. 2 lb

36. Patr2 Text A Text B Culture Tips

37. Task A Suggested teaching plan for Text A Pre-reading task Text A Activities

38. A s.t.p 1 Suggested teaching plan for Text A

39. A s.t.p 2

40. A s.t.p 3

41. Pre-reading 1. Do you like snow? Why or why not? 2. Have you observed the shapes of snowflakes? 3. Why are some snowflakes big but others are small?

42. 译文 译文 z.w 1 How Do Snowflakes Form? In winter we can appreciate beautiful white snow at times.But how do snowflakesform? It turns out that “pure” snow is made up of snowflakes which are made up of from 2 to 200 separatesnow crystals. Snow crystals are crystals that have formed around tiny bits of dirt that have been carried up into the atmosphereby the wind. So snow crystals are really soil particlesthat have been dressed up in ice.

43. 译文 z.w 1-1 Scientiststhink that there are really four different shapesof snow crystals.The simplest shape is a long needleshaped like a spike. The other shapes all have six sides. One of them is a long, hollowcolumn that is shaped like a six-sided prism.There are also thin, flat six-sided plates. And lastly there are intricate, six-pointed stars.

44. 译文 z.w 2 The shape that a snow crystal will take is dependent uponthe temperature at which it was formed.The temperature in the highest clouds is around-30°F and they are made up exclusivelyof ice crystal columns.The other three shapes are formed in a narrowtemperature range.When the temperature in the clouds is 3° to 10°F the star shaped crystals form.From 10°—18°F the plates form, and from 18°—23°F columns form.From 23°—27°F needles form and from 27°—32°F the plates reappear.As the snow crystals grow they become heavier and fall towards the earth.If they spinlike tops as they fall then they may be perfectly symmetricalwhen they hit the earth. But if they fall in a sidewaysfashion then they end uplopsided. Falling snow crystals clump together forming snowflakes.

45. 解析 zw1-j.x In winter we can appreciate beautiful white snow at times. 此句中，appreciate为动词，意思为“ 欣赏；鉴赏；赏识”，另外还有“感激”之意。 如：Do you appreciate good wine? 你会鉴赏好酒吗？I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. 我认为小孩对现代图画往往比任何人都更有鉴赏力。We greatly appreciate your timely help. 我们非常感谢你们的及时帮助。appreciation为名词，意思为“欣赏；感谢”，如：Appreciation of works of art is bound to be dominated by a particular kind of interest. 对于艺术作品的欣赏必然受到一种特殊的兴趣爱好的支配。She showed an appreciation of my help. 她感谢我的帮助。

46. 译文 zw1-y.w 在冬季，我们有时候可以欣赏到美丽的白雪。但雪花是如何形成的呢？

47. 解析 zw2-j.x1 It turns out that “pure” snow is made up of snowflakes which are made up of from 2 to 200 separate snow crystals. turn out 结果（是），原来（是），证明（是）。如：It’s turned out nice and sunny again.结果天气又变晴朗了。 His statement turned out to be false.= It turned out that his statement was false.他说的一番话后来证明是假的。It turns out that 中的that 引导主语从句，后置，前面由it作形式主语。 is made up of 由……组成; which关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰snowflakes。

48. 解析 zw2-j.x2 Snow crystals are crystals that have formed around tiny bits of dirt that have been carried up into the atmosphere by the wind. crystals that have formed around中的that和dirt that have been carried up中的that都用作关系代词，引导定语从句，分别修饰前面的crystals和dirt。这个句子中，主句里套了从句，从句里又套小从句。 carry up 带起来，（被风）吹起来。这里使用了被动语态。

49. 解析 zw2-j.x3 So snow crystals are really soil particles that have been dressed up in ice.dressed up ① （通常指小孩）穿别人的衣服闹着玩，如：The little girl likes dressing up in her mother’s clothes.那个小女孩喜欢穿上妈妈的衣服装扮起来。② 穿上礼服，穿上盛装，如：She likes to dress up for a party.她喜欢把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮去参加晚会。③ 对（某人、某物）加以润色/粉饰；伪装，如：He dressed the facts up to make them more interesting.他把那些事实润饰一番，使它们听起来更有趣。 that用作关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的soil particles。

50. 译文 zw2-y.w 原来“纯洁”的雪是由雪花组成的，而每朵雪花又是由2至200个独立的雪晶组成的。风将微小的灰尘带到空中，由它们形成的结晶就是雪晶。雪晶实际上就是微小的尘土粒子外面包裹了一层冰。