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AVIATION HISTORY

AVIATION HISTORY. Chapter 1 The Early Attempts to Fly. First Attempts. Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C. Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C.

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AVIATION HISTORY

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  1. AVIATION HISTORY

  2. Chapter 1The Early Attempts to Fly

  3. First Attempts • Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C. • Many believed flying was for the mythical gods • Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully • Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. • 17th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft • Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist • First recorded scientific study of aeronautics • Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical flight • Drew sketches and plans to construct flying machines

  4. First Attempts • Leonardo da Vinci • Daedalis & Icarus Italian artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) gathered data on the flight of birds and developed concepts of the propeller, the parachute, and heavier-than-air craft, and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.

  5. Second Attempts at Flight • By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments • Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air balloon experiments • Airships needed power and direction control • Glider flying increased the understanding of flight forces, wing geometry & controls

  6. Lighter-Than-Air Definition • Lighter-than-air: • Any craft which sustain their weight by displacing an equal weight of air. For example, balloons (also known as dirigibles or airships) • Their structure when filled with a sufficient volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats. • They have a source of propulsion and can be controlled in all three axes of flight. • Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

  7. Montgolfier BrothersJoseph-Michael (1740-1810)Jacques-Ètienne (1745-1799) • Inventors of the first practical balloon • 1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise • 1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes • Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette were witnesses • November 1783: first human flight • However, balloon lack of directional control

  8. Lighter-Than-Air Balloon • Improvements: Elongated-like balloons with engines or power plants was introduced. Also known as ‘dirigible’ which means controllable. • Dirigible inventor: Count Ferdinant von Zeppelin • In the early 1930's the German Graf Zeppelin machine was able to make a Trans-Atlantic flight to the United States. • One such airship was 3 times larger than a Boeing 747 and cruised at 68 mph. Dirigibles-elongated bags filled with gas , fitted with engines, propellers and rudder

  9. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin • The Zeppelin Company was credited with developing the first airliner. • It provided air service between Europe and America in the 1920s and 1930s • The Hindenburg explodes, May 6, 1937 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station. • The Hindenburg marked the end of large scale Zeppelin travel.

  10. Balloons Application • US first used balloons for military purposes during the Civil War. • After the war ended, the military service change to transportation, shooting off fireworks and aerobatic shows. • Until World War 1 (1914) more than 1,780 balloons had safely carried 27,700 passenger.

  11. The Disadvantages of Balloons • It is impossible to construct balloons of sufficient strength. Thus, balloons unable to withstand routine operation under all weather conditions. • Example: U.S. hot-air-balloon breaking up in a storm. • Critical challenge to maintain the shape of gas bags. If the bags were only partially filled, the balloons hang down loosely. • Extremely difficult to control. Can be hazardous during landing in high winds. • The large Hindenburg was equally successful until it was destroyed by fire while attempting a landing in 1937 in Lakehurst, New Jersey.

  12. Glider Flight  Glider Definition: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine. • 1804: Sir George Cayley of Great Britain flew the first successful model glider. • 1891-1896: Otto Lilienthal, a German, became the first person to successfully pilot a glider in flight. • 1843 : William S. Henson, a British inventor, patented plans for a steam-driven airplane that had many of the basic parts of a modern airplane. • 1896: Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a steam powered model plane.

  13. Cayley’s First Airplane (1804) • Had fuselage, tail and wing • Tail (vertical and horizontal surfaces that could be adjusted) • Fixed, cambered wing • Understood that lift results from pressure difference across wing surfaces • Had the idea to warp wings for roll control • Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at that time

  14. Otto Lilienthal (1890s) • Realized gliders were a necessary precursor to powered flight • Collected aerodynamic data, and emphasized that curvature of a bird’s wings is key to flight • Designs included cambered wings and horizontal and vertical tail planes for stability • Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights • Photos popularized aviation and spread interest • Died in a glider accident in 1896

  15. Chapter 2 The First Man to Fly

  16. Wright Brothers Flyer Wright Flyer lifted off the sands in the first-ever manned flight

  17. Wright Brothers: Dec 17, 1903 • Built an accurate wind-tunnel • Started with glider flights (1900-1902) • Developed lightweight, gas engine to solve problems of thrust and control within weight constraints (12 hp, 200 lb) • First sustained human-carrying flight • Major contract with US Army and another with French (1908), bringing this knowledge back to Europe

  18. Powered Flight Breakthrough • Experiments showed basic ingredients of flight are: sufficient power, lift , control • Wright’s successfully applied theories of lift and drag to practical use in powered gliders • Progress (and a conventional designs) came with lighter materials and drag reduction

  19. Breakthrough The Main Events • Sir Hiram Maxim • power, lift, control • Wright brothers • Glen Curtiss • Improved designs, promoted aviation December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the world's first successful powered, free, controlled, sustained flights in a heavier-than-air craft. Their first flight went 120 feet (37 meters) and lasted only about 12 seconds.

  20. Heavier-Than-Air Definition • Heavier-than-air: Aircraft are supported by giving the surrounding air a momentum in the downward direction equal to the weight of the aircraft.

  21. Wright Brothers Contribution • Transportation change dramatically. • By mid-century air travel was common • By late 1950s it had replaced the train and stream ship as the preferred mode of transport. • By the last quarter of the 20th century, with large, efficient jet-powered aircraft, air travel was commonplace and affordable to all. • Flying has become second nature to hundreds of millions of people and it is impossible to imagine a world without it. • Airplane also rapidly developed as weapon of war. • The advent of jet power, and sophisticated electronics perfected during and after Cold War, has now turned the aircraft into a feared weapon. • Today, aviation and spaceflight are critical tools for the improvement of human conditions and powerful instruments of positive change. • The political, social and economic challenges are different.

  22. Roll Around Longitudinal Axis

  23. Pitch Around the Lateral Axis

  24. Yaw Around the vertical Axis

  25. Chapter 3 The Powered Flight

  26. Bernoulli’s Principle • As airplanes fly, air is pushed above and below their wings • Air has to travel faster over the top of the wing then the bottom

  27. Bernoulli’s co. • Air that moves slowly creates MORE pressure then air that moves quickly • Air pressure pushing up on the bottom of the wing is greater then the air pushing down on the top

  28. Bernoulli’s co. • When there is more air pressure pushing up on the wing it creates LIFT • This causes the plane to naturally lift into the air

  29. Samuel P. Langley(1834 – 1906) • First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 • Steam power, 30 lbs., 25 mph

  30. World War One (WW1) (1914-1918) • 1st used for reconnaissance, then for shooting reconnaissance aircraft, then for shooting down the planes that are shooting down reconnaissance aircraft. • During WW 1: Several pilots became famous for their air to air combats, the most well-known is Red Baron, who shot down 80 planes in air to air combat with several different planes. The "Red Baron" triplane.

  31. World War One (1914-1918) • War speeds up technology development • Airplane speed, loads increased • Large manufacturing base developed The Main Events Congressional medal of Honor winner Captain Eddie Rickenbacker went on to be a pioneer in civil aviation, too

  32. After the WW 1 (1919-1938) • Large advancement in aircraft technology. • Wood and canvas converts to aluminium. • Engine development : • In-line water cooled gasoline engines convert to rotary air cooled engines (increase propulsive power). • In the 1930’s jet engine began. • After WWI, experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their new skills. • Many American pilots flying into small towns across the country and showing off their flying abilities, as well as taking paying passengers for rides. • Air shows sprang up around the country, with air races and acrobatic stunts.

  33. After the WW 1 (1919-1938) • Veteran pilots kept interest alive • Commercial aviation catches on • Dramatic design advances • Beginning of rocket flight • Invention of the jet engine

  34. Charles Lindbergh • Charles Lindbergh was best known for accomplishing the first flight from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927. • He covered the distance of 3,610 miles in 33 1/2 hours. This was the first solo, non-stop transatlantic flight. • Aviation becomes respectable for the masses, the popular Lindbergh goes on world tours to promote aviation and Pan-American Airways

  35. World War Two (1939-1945): The force for Emergence of a Global Aircraft Industry • World War II: Drastic increase of aircraft development and production. • All countries involved in the war stepped up production and development of aircraft based on weapon delivery systems (Bombers, Fighters, Reconnaissance, Transports, Trainers, Communication)

  36. World War Two (1939-1945) • Number of aircraft built in the USA in 1944– 96,318 • Number of aircraft built in the world in 1944– 240,443 • Number of aircraft built in the world (1935-1945)-931,155

  37. 1945 – 1960s: Fly Higher, Fly Faster Bell X-1 (1945) North American X-15 (1959)

  38. 1960s – 1970s: Birth of theAir Transportation Industry • Efficiency improvements make air transportation affordable for the general public • Growth accelerates with airline de-regulation in 1978 Boeing 747

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