1. Lab Review 7-12 When does the fun begin?

2. Lab 7 – Genetics!!! • If we were to cross flies: • What would the parent generation consist of ? Homozygous Dominant + Homozygous Recessive Red eyes + Sepia eyes • What would the F1 generation look like? ALL Heterozygotes ALL Red eyes

3. In F2, what would the ratio be ? • Phenotypes ? 3 : 1 (Red : Sepia) • Genotypes ? 1 : 2 : 1 (HD : Het : HR)

4. Chi-Squared Analysis • Tells us whether the actual results are really different than the expected results • If the chi-squared value > critical value, then the results are considered DIFFERENT than the expected values • DIFFERENT = LINKED genes • Typically sex-linked or X-linked

5. Lab 8 – Hardy-Weinberg Remember the Teddy Bears??

6. Conditions for HW Equilibrium 1. A large breeding population 2. Random mating 3. No change in allelic frequency due to mutation 4. No immigration or emigration 5. No natural selection

7. p = the frequency of the dominant allele • q = the frequency of the recessive allele • For a population in genetic equilibrium: • p + q = 1.0 • (p + q)2 = 1 • p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 • The three terms of this binomial expansion indicate the frequencies of the three genotypes: • p2 = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant) • 2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous) • q2 = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)

8. Complete Lab-Quiz • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab8/quiz.html

9. Lab 9 - Transpiration Remember this Lab?

10. Remember Transpiration?? • Hydrogen Bonding • Cohesion • Adhesion • Water Potential • Water: HIGH Potential  LOW Potential • Highest Water Potential = 0 • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab9/test.html

11. Stomata • Stoma – hole that allows CO2 in or O2 out • Guard cells – open or close stoma (plural = stomata) • Q: How are stomata related to transpiration? A: Source of the transpirational pull

12. Factors affecting Transpiration • Light (increases / decreases) transpiration ? INCREASES – stomata open  transpiration • Humid environment (inc. /dec.) transpiration ? DECREASES – more water = higher water potential • Windy (increase / decrease) transpiration ? INCREASE – less water = lower water potential • Hot vs warm: which will increase transpiration ? HOT – increase temp = more evaporation

14. Lab 10 – Cardiovascularity?

15. Blood Pressure • Systolic – BP when heart (ventricles) has contracted • Diastolic – BP when heart (ventricles) is relaxed • Sphygmomanometer – measures blood pressure • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab10/quiz1.html • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab10/quiz2.html?radio1=d&radio2=b&radio3=b&radio4=b&x=53&y=3

16. Lab 11 – Animal Behavior Isopods

17. Fruit fly mating behavior

18. Pillbug Behavior

19. Moar Quiz!! • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab11/quiz.html

20. Lab 12 – Dissolved Oxygen

21. A dude left his fish tank on top of his radiator • He saw plenty of bubbles, so he thought the situation was good for his fish • Why did his fish perish?

22. Factors that affect dissolved oxygen in water • Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold oxygen decreases. • Photosynthetic activity: In bright light, aquatic plants are able to produce more oxygen. • Decomposition activity: As organic material decays, microbial processes consume oxygen. • Mixing and turbulence: Wave action, waterfalls, and rapids all aerate water and increase the oxygen concentration. • Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold oxygen decreases.

23. Productivity • Rate of photosynthetic activity • Rate of production of organic compounds in an ecosystem • Gross Productivity – Photosynthetic production of organic compounds in an ecosystem • Net Productivity – organic material that remain after some has been used for cellular respiration

24. Productivity Equation • NET Productivity = GROSS Productivity – Respiration • What is the Photosynthesis Equation ? CO2 + H2O + Energy  Sugar + O2

26. How do we measure productivity? • Oxygen Gas concentration • When light, O2 is PRODUCED by PHOTOSYNTHESIS • O2 is CONSUMED BY RESPIRATION • When dark, O2 is CONSUMED by RESPIRATION ONLY

27. Calculating Productivity • Light D.O. – Dissolved O2 after 24 hours with exposure to light • Photosynthesis + Respiration • Dark D.O. – after 24 hours with no light • Respiration ONLY • Initial D.O. – before the experiment begins • Baseline value of D.O. Photosynthesis

28. Final Quiz • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab12/quiz.html