1 / 35

Shifting Waves of Migration in Europe: Post-Colonial to Modern Asylum Seekers

This overview explores the three significant waves of migration in Europe, detailing the changes in demographics and the impact of various conflicts. From the post-colonial influx of migrants from North Africa and Asia from the WWII era to the ongoing refugee crisis originating in the Balkans and diverse regions in Asia and Africa today, this narrative highlights the evolving landscape of ethnic and religious diversity. It examines the influence of the EU Schengen Agreement, labor migration dynamics, and how mass displacements reshape Europe's society and identity.

keena
Télécharger la présentation

Shifting Waves of Migration in Europe: Post-Colonial to Modern Asylum Seekers

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. First Wave, WWII – 1970s • France accepted post-colonial migrants from the Maghreb (North Africa) • Algeria, Morocco

  2. First Wave, WWII – 1970s • Netherlands accepted post-colonial migrants from Asia • Indonesia independent in 1949 • Suriname independent in 1975 • High rates of intermarriage in the Dutch former colonies

  3. Second Waves, 1990s – Today • 1990s Post-Soviet exiles & Refugees from the Balkan Wars

  4. Second Waves, 1990s – Today • 1990s – Now. Refugees and asylum-seekers fleeing war, violence, poverty in Asia and Africa

  5. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • Result? • New labor migrants • Countries that once SENT labor migrants now RECEIVED labor migrants

  6. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • Central and Eastern European Countries • 650,000+ job-seekers from new Member States • From poorer CEE states to richer CEE states • From East to West

  7. Central & East European Migration

  8. Third Wave, 2004 – Today • E.U. Schengen Agreement (1985) • Free movement is fundamental right in E.U. • Internal border controls abolished 2004 • “New Immigrant” Countries • Spain • Italy • Ireland • Portugal • Greece

  9. From Emigrant to Immigrant t1970 1990 2000 2010 11980 0

  10. Overview • Who are the Minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of International Migrants • Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Today

  11. Refugees & Asylum-Seekers Today • Yugoslav Wars and Minorities in Europe • Waves of refugees and asylum-seekers • Refugees and Diversity in Europe

  12. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe • Cold War ends with ethnic resurgence • Yugoslav (Balkan) Wars1990s • Croatian War of Independence (1991-95) • Bosnian War (1992-95) • Kosovo War (1998-199)

  13. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe

  14. Yugoslav Wars & Minorities in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped racial, ethnic, religious diversity? • Yugoslav Wars diaspora 1990s • Bosniaks (ethnic Bosnians, Muslim) • Serbs (ethnic Serb, Orthodox Christian) • Croats (ethnic Croat, Roman Catholic) • Kosovo (90% ethnic Albanian, Muslim) • Albania (ethnic Albanian, 60% Muslim) • Southeastern European Refugees flooded into Western Europe => ethnic & religious diversity

  15. Waves of Refugees & Asylum-Seekers • How have other mass displacements shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan • War / unrest in Chechnya, Russia • War & Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa • Somalia, Sudan (Darfur), Eritrea, DR Congo… • War & Conflict in North Africa (Maghreb) • Arab Spring 2011: Tunisia, Yemen, Bahrain • Civil War in Syria

  16. Top Origins of World’s Refugees

  17. Applications for Asylum in Europe

  18. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • 70% of world’s refugees from Muslim countries • The vast majority of refugees are from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East • Refugees in Europe bring racial, ethnic, and religious diversity

  19. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Most applications for asylum are DENIED • Most refugees in Europe are TEMPORARY

  20. EU Asylum Decisions by Origins

  21. Refugees and Diversity in Europe • How have mass displacements & refugees shaped ethnicity & religion in Europe? • Repatriation can take years • Permanent asylum may allow family unification • Refugees in Europe bring racial, ethnic, and religious diversity

  22. Overview • Who are the minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of international migrants • Refugees and asylum-seekers today • Europe’s Muslim minorities

  23. Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Muslims constitute < 1% of U.S. population • Muslims in the US are diverse and dispersed • Two small cities have large Muslim populations • Dearborn, MI 30% • Patterson, NJ 15-20% • Muslims constitute ~ 6% of Europe • Many cities have large Muslim populations • Amsterdam (14%), Antwerp (17%), Berlin (9%) London (10%), Stockholm (20%), Paris (10-15%), Marseille (20-30%)

  24. Snapshot: Europe’s Muslim Minorities

  25. Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Diversity of Muslim experiences & beliefs • Muslims in Europe, especially Western Europe, largely arrived as postcolonials & guestworkers • Muslim refugees are much smaller group but: • Many suffered trauma / deprivation • Many from Global South experience culture shock • Many lack basic education / skills • Many cling to primacy of religious identity • Secularism and Religious identity as Muslims varies

  26. Overview • Who are the Minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of International Migrants • Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Today • Europe’s Muslim Minorities • Challenges for European Societies • Conclusions

  27. Challenges for European Societies • Country-specific challenges • France • Netherlands • Sweden • Germany • United Kingdom

  28. France: Muslim Minorities • Five Million Muslims in France • France is secular, does not recognize “minorities” • Legislation progressively restricts public religion: • 2004 Ban on headscarves in state schools • 2011 Ban on niqaband burka • 2011 Ban on public prayer • Segregation, disadvantage, and • deprivation, youth violence • and unrest

  29. Netherlands : Muslim Minorities • Rapid immigration led to social problems • Muslims Poorly Integrated • Low levels of Dutch national identity • Residential and school segregation • Assassinations & Policy Reversal • Pym Fortuyn and Theo Van Gogh murdered • Anti-Muslim sentiments soared • Today among most restrictive countries

  30. Sweden: Muslim Minorities • EU Study “Best Incorporation Practices” • Sweden ranked highest in EU • Study of policy - work, family, ant-discrimination • But…Study did not evaluate migrant outcomes • Outcomes for Sweden’s Muslims ? • First and second generation well behind • Residential segregation • Low employment, Low Income, Low Education • Low rates of political participation

  31. Germany : Turkish Minorities • From “Guests” to “Foreigners” • Little effort to incorporate guestworkers before 2000 • Even 3rd generation little access to citizenship pre-2000 • Official policy “We are not an immigrant nation” • From “Foreigners” to slow incorporation • Turkish guestworkers in segregated communities • Many Turkish children grew up with poor language skills • Turkish children have high dropout rate • Turkish unemployment twice German unemployment.

  32. UK : Multiple Minorities • UK is Diverse: 80.5% White British and :

  33. UK : Multiple Minorities • The UK is Diverse in Religion

  34. UK : Multiple Minorities • Different experiences across groups • Indian minority does well overall • Afro-Caribbean minorities assimilated into working class – “Mixed Race” identity fastest growing group • Pakistani and Bangladeshi minorities are most disadvantaged • Ambivalent attitudes • 70% British approve of diversity - but high anti-immigrant sentiment

  35. Conclusion • Europe’s minorities are diverse • Most minority groups are disadvantaged • Challenges for European Societies • Incorporation of immigrants and minorities • Cultural integration • Economic integration • Civic integration • Rethinking national identity • Ethnic, racial, religious identity • Multiculturalism and discrimination

More Related