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The Unification of Italy

The Unification of Italy. 1831-1871. Italy before Unification. Divided into Independent States French Bourbons ruled Kingdom of Two Sicilies Austria ruled Lombardy and Venetia Pope ruled Papal States Different dialects of Italian Trade Barriers. Italy Pre-1850.

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The Unification of Italy

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  1. The Unification of Italy 1831-1871

  2. Italy before Unification • Divided into Independent States • French Bourbons ruled Kingdom of Two Sicilies • Austria ruled Lombardy and Venetia • Pope ruled Papal States • Different dialects of Italian • Trade Barriers

  3. Italy Pre-1850 • Development of Nationalist Groups • Risorgimento (Resurgence): Movement for Italian Unity, best speaker was Giuseppe Mazzini • Giuseppe Mazzini & Young Italian Movement: goal to make Italy an independent nation • Jan 1848, Young Italians with support of King Charles Albert of Sardinia led revolutions in Sicily, Lombardy, & Venetia • By April they had almost driven the Austrians from Italy, but lost Pope’s support and Austria took back land • Mazzini and followers drove Pope from Rome, which upset people so turned to King Charles Albert of Sardinia

  4. Count Cavour & Sardinia • King Victor Emmanuel II (King Charles Albert’s son) became king • Tried to keep unification movement alive • Chief minister (guy who actually ran kingdom) = Count Cavour • “squat, pot-bellied form; small stumpy legs; short, round arms with hands stuck constantly in pockets…goggle spectacles”; Brilliant political mind • Supported France and GB in Crimean War against Russia so they would help him rid Italy of Austria • Made defensive treaty with France that if French helped fight Austria, they would get Nice

  5. French Betrayal • France aids Italy but pulls out after suffering heavy losses • Makes treaty with Austria • Italy kept fighting and took Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna

  6. French Betrayal • Napoleon III of France pulled out of Italy after heavy losses • Cavour wanted to keep fighting, Victor Emmanuel did not • The people fought on and overthrew Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna; wanted to unify with Sardinia • Cavour gave Napoleon III Nice and Savoy to gain his consent for unification

  7. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Member of Young Italy, forced into exile after revolts failed • Went to South America where he learned about warfare and guerilla tactics during the S. American revolutions • Hearing that Sicily was ready to revolt, Garibaldi gathered 1000 soldiers and returned to Italy; known as the “Red Shirts” because of their uniforms Garibaldi in a Red Shirt Uniform

  8. Giuseppe Garibaldi & 2 Sicilies • Southern Italy • Southern Italy stayed isolated from the revolutions • Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” against the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and won • Cavour was nervous that Garibaldi might take over, sent army to take over Rome so he would have the most power • Garibaldi surrendered his conquests to the King Victor Emmanuel II because he wanted a unified Italy more than power • by Feb. 1861 all of Italy was under one government

  9. Venice was added to Italy in 1866. • Cavour died 3 months after unification. Last words: “Italy is made. All is safe.” • A deal was negotiated by Cavour’s successors after his death. • Bismarck (Germany) gave it to Italy after he defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) Monument to Cavour

  10. Rome was added in 1870. • The Franco-Prussian War forced France to remove troops it had protecting Rome. • After this, Italy took control of Rome easily. • Rome became the capital of a unified Italy.

  11. Italian Unification Timeline • Jan. 1848: Mazzini leads revolution in Sicily, breakout across country • Nov. 1848: People force Pope to leave Italy & proclaim Rome a republic, Louis- Napoleon sends troops to restore Pope • 1849: Victor Emmanuel II became King of Sardinia, Names Ct. Cavour advisor • 1854: Cavour sides w/ France & GB in Crimean war, Sardinia becomes member of Congress of Paris & international equity

  12. 1858 Cavour meets w/ Nap III = gets promise of aid in case of war w/ Austria Engineers war, France sends troops, but w/draws after heavy loses, Sardinia gains Lombardy from Austria • 1859-60 Fighting continues, 4 provinces gain independence & requests annexation by Sardinia, Cavour agrees to give France Nice & Savoy in exchange for his agreement • 1860 Garibaldi returns to Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Forms Red Shirts, begins campaign of guerilla warfare, wins Naples

  13. Oct 1860: People of Sicily vote to join w/ Sardinia, Garibaldi surrenders • Feb 1861: Italian Peninsula under 1 gov’t = Constitutional Monarchy of Victor Emmanuel II (except Rome/Venetia) • 1866: Italy sides w/ Prussia in a war against Austria, gains Venetia • 1870: French w/ draw support of Pope, Italy gains Papal Province of Rome & moves capital there

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