The Unification of Italy

1. The Unification of Italy

2. Italian Nationalist Leaders Risorgimento-The period of, or the movement for, the liberation and political unification of Italy, beginning about 1750 and lasting until 1870. King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi[The “Sword”/Cavalier” Giuseppi Mazzini[The “Heart”/Poet” Count Cavour[The “Head”/”Architect”

3. Leaders of Italian Unification, in conclusion • Giuseppe Mazzini – “father of Italian nationalism” / wanted Italian unification under a Republican government. • Camilo Cavour – Prime Minister of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel. Achieved Italian unification with Victor Emmanuel II as the King. • Giuseppe Garibaldi – “professional revolutionary” / liberated and unified southern Italy / preferred a united Italy under Republican government but most important to him was a UNIFIED ITALY. • Victor Emmanuel II – King of Sardinia and the first King of a unified Italy.

4. Giuseppe Mazzini • Born in Genoa • Became member of the Carbonari in 1827 • "charcoal burners” • Led failed attempts at revolution during the 1830s • Founded ‘Young Italy’

5. Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821 “Coalmen.”

6. What were Mazzini’s aims? Wanted democratic independent Italian Republic Encouraged people to see themselves as part of a nation Had concept of ‘Third Rome’ – a civilising influence on the world

7. What were Mazzini’s methods? ‘Education and revolution’ Sought support from young educated m/class Constitutional monarchies seen as stop-gap only Italian people to drive the Austrians out Hoped that publicity and propaganda would create revolutionary class

8. How big an impact did Mazzini have on the Unification of Italy? • Gave encouragement to Italian patriotism • Presented new view of Italy • Inspired Garibaldi to join movement • Helped to win international publicity for Italian freedom • His actions put pressure on Cavour and others to act more positively

9. How successful was Mazzini? • Had little practical experience • Overestimated level of support – ignored problems of the peasants • Made no attempt to win support from town workers • Some middle class alienated by his revolutionary stance

10. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour • Member of Piedmontese ruling class • Great admirer of British system of government • Initially aimed at expanding Piedmont rather than uniting Italy

11. Cavour – Foreign Policy • Aware of shortcomings of ‘Italia fara da se’ (Italy will operate on its own”) • Aimed to move Austrians out of Lombardy & Venetia • As PM had considerable control over foreign policy • 1854 – outbreak of Crimean War: Britain & France vs Russia • 15,000 troops sent to support France & GB

12. Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

13. Cavour and the Crimean War • Some doubt over motivation but perhaps aimed to gain support from GB & France • Troops played only minor role but did win respect & gratitude from allies • Congress of Paris (1856) dealt with peace negotiations • Cavour not directly involved in talks

14. Cavour wins support • Foreign support & diplomacy seen as main successes • Also important was link with National Society • Number of its leaders beginning to accept Piedmont as focus for unification • Cavour now looked to France for help against Austria

15. Napoleon III and Italian Unity • Former member of the Carbonari • His troops had crushed Roman Republic in 1849 • Had his own reasons for aiding Piedmont • Probably favoured federation headed by Pope

16. The Orsini Bomb Plot! • In January 14, 1858 Felice Orsini (an Italian patriot) attempted to assassinate Napoleon III

17. War with Austria • 1859 War provoked with Austria • French (with limited help from Piedmont) won 2 closely fought victories • Austria on brink of surrender • Napoleon III now pulled put of the war – unexpectedly • Cavour was furious – resigned as PM

18. IV. Italian Unification • Napoleon III committed his troops • Victory for S-P but only the Northern States fell under their control • Someone else would have to unify the south

19. Cavour and Garibaldi • Garibaldi raised volunteers to fight for Savoy • Instead went to Sicily

20. Cavour and the Papal States • To forestall Garibaldi marching on Rome, Cavour sent troops into the Papal States • Piedmontese troops successful but did not receive the same level of support as Garibaldi’s men • By end of 1861 Victor Emmanuel acclaimed first King of Italy • Cavour died end of 1861

21. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Great romantic figure of the Risorgimento • Charismatic guerrilla leader • Had distinguished himself in the defence of Rome • Was a follower of Mazzini

22. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

23. Garibaldi & the campaign of 1861 • Hi-jacked the popular revolt in Sicily • defeated King of Naples • Handed his conquests over to VE II

24. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

25. VI. Unified Italy 1. 1861 - Italy formally unified as a nation. 2. Victor Emmanuel II was their first king. 3. Count Cavour their 1st Prime Minister. 4. Florence was first capital. 5. 1871 – capital moved to Rome

26. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

27. Italy 1861-1870 • Kingdom of Italy declared – Victor Emmanuel II ‘by the grace of God and the rule of the people’ • Constitutional Monarchy • First parliament met in Turin, March 1861 • 1866 VE II anxious to prove Italian military prowess

28. Italy 1861-1870 (2) • Venetia occupied after Austrian defeat – voted to join with Italy • Garibaldi made 2 failed attempts to seize Rome (1862, 1867) – little support from the Romans • 1870 Franco-Prussian War saw withdrawal of French garrison • Pius XI soon withdrew to the Vatican

29. How united was Italy by 1870? • Bad relations with the Papacy • Lack of common language • Spread of Piedmontese constitution caused conflict • Franchise restricted – ½ million/22 million • Liberal aims had little in common with peasantry • Severe economic problems • ‘Brigands’ War’ in the South for many years • Political system did not develop well

30. Mazzini’s verdict on Italy, 1871 • Italian territory under foreign control • Foreigners had played too important a role in unification • Unhappy with new constitution

31. Papal States • Pope would continue to govern a section of Rome, known as Vatican City • Lateran Treaty, 1929made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, ratified June 7, 1929, ending the "Roman Question”(political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy from 1861 to 1929). Coat of Arms-Vatican City

32. Papal States con’t… • signed for King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and for Pope Pius XI by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri. The agreements were signed in the Lateran Palace, hence the name by which they are known. • *guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See • *established Catholicism as the religion of Italy

33. Signer’s of the Lateran Treaty • PM Benito Mussolini; Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri.

34. VATICAN CITY STATE CELEBRATES 83 YEARS • On February 11th, 1929, an historic treaty was signed between the Italian Government and the Vatican re-establishing the political power and diplomatic standing of the Catholic Church, which had been lost when Italy seized Rome, the last of the Papal States, on September 20th, 1870.