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The Impact of World War I (1914-1919): Causes, Technology, and Aftermath

This overview examines the multifaceted causes of World War I, highlighting key events such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the tangled alliances of major powers sparking global conflict. The war saw significant innovations in military technology, from machine guns and tanks to chemical warfare. It also details the United States' entry and impact on the war. In its aftermath, the Treaty of Versailles reshaped Europe, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and establishing a framework for future international relations through the League of Nations.

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The Impact of World War I (1914-1919): Causes, Technology, and Aftermath

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  1. World War I The beginnings and aftermath of war. 1914-1919

  2. Great Strides in international communication made war seem close to impossible. • European ‘spheres of influence’ began to clash. • Europeans had increasing sense of nationalism. • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian sympathizers sparked conflict. Causes of War

  3. Austria-Hungary: declared war on Serbia 28 July 1914. • Germany: linked to Austria-Hungary by Dual Alliance. Declared war on Russia 1 August as result of Russian mobilization. • Ottoman Empire: Entered war 28 October 1914 after signing Turco-German Alliance • Bulgaria: October 1915 Central Powers

  4. Russia: bound to Serbia by Treaty of San Stefano. • France: German declaration of war 3 August. • Great Britain: had moral obligations to defend France and Russia, but did not join war until Germany invaded Belgium. Triple Entente

  5. Italy: Originally allied to Germany, joined Allies in secret Franco-Italian Alliance. • Japan: declared war on Germany 23 August. • United States: joined war 6 April 1917 as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare. Allied Powers

  6. Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain, and United States (initially). • Geneva would become base League of Nations. Neutral Nations

  7. Eight million Germans and Austrians living in U.S. • Irish Americans also against Britain. • Manifest Destiny • Commerce: Britain established naval blockade and seized US ships. Difficulties of Neutrality

  8. Machine guns: able to hold off advancing infantry. Trench warfare becomes important. • Tanks: entered war in 1916, not really effective until late in war. Replaced cavalry. • Airplanes: used mainly as method of transportation and observation, by 1918, developed use for bombing raids. • U-boat (Unterseeboot): ability to move undetected and spy on shipping patterns. Technology

  9. Chemical Warfare: Introduced by Germans. Chlorine gas could blind and suffocate the enemy. • Gas masks were not effective. Innovations in Warfare

  10. Progressive Party had lost support in 1914 Congressional elections. Wilson appointed Louis D. Brandeis to Supreme Court (first Jewish appointee). • “He kept us out of war!” • Government reform. • Child Labor laws and women’s suffrage. Election of 1916

  11. Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes. Theodore Roosevelt had planned for this position after declining the Bull Moose Party. • “Straight and honest neutrality” • Viewed as war candidate because of Roosevelt’s speeches. Election of 1916

  12. Manifest Destiny and Monroe Doctrine: keep European savages out of Latin and South America. • German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent letter to German minister in Mexico. • Germany promised to return land lost in 1848 (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) • 1 March 1917, Zimmerman note released to American public. Conflict in Mexico

  13. Bolshevik revolution in Russia forced Russian withdraw from war. • German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. US Enters the Great War

  14. Battle of Cantigny: 28 May 1918. Major morale boost for Allied troops. Major US Battles

  15. Second Battle of the Marne: (15 July-16 September 1918) turning point of war. Battles

  16. St. Mihiel Salient: Largest concentration of airplanes in one battle. Around 1476 Allied planes. • First victory by independent US Army. Battles

  17. Meuse-Argonne Offensive: Largest offensive and victory for AEF during war. Ended with cease-fire. Battles

  18. Great Britain: 947,000 killed; 2,122,000 wounded; 192,000 prisoners • France: 1,358,000 killed; 3,044,000 wounded; 446,000 prisoners • Russia: 1,700,000 killed; 4,950,000 wounded; 500,000 prisoners • Italy: 460,000 killed; 947,000 wounded; 530,000 prisoners • United States:115,000 killed; 206,000 wounded; 4,500 prisoners Casualties

  19. Germany: 1,808,000 killed; 4,247,000 wounded; 618,000 prisoners • Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 killed; 3,620,000 wounded; 200,000 prisoners • Turkey: 325,000 killed; 400,000 wounded Casualties

  20. The Big Three: David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (United States). • The United States wanted isolationism and little influence in Europe. • Britain wanted Germany to pay for damage, but not so much as to allow communism to spread. • France wanted to bring Germany to her knees. • Four main points: territory, military, financial, and general. Treaty of Versailles

  21. Alsace-Lorraine: France • Eupen and Malmedy: Belgium • Northern Schleswig: Denmark • Hultschin: Czechoslovakia • West Prussia, Posen, Upper Silesia: Poland • The Saar, Danzig, and Memel put under control of League of Nations. Territory

  22. Europe Before WWI

  23. Postwar Germany

  24. Army reduced to 100,000 men. • Six capital ships, no submarines. • No air force. • Demilitarized zone: west of Rhineland and 50km east of Rhine River. Military

  25. Industrial territory lost, including coal mines of Saar and Upper Silesia. • Reparations, not determined in Versailles, but later to be £6,600 million. • Forbidden to reunite with Austria. Financial

  26. Three Clauses: • “War Guilt Clause”: Germany must admit full responsibility for starting war. • Germany responsible for all war damage. • Establish League of Nations. General

  27. Austria: signed Treaty of Saint Germain on 10 Sept 1919. Recognized independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. • Bulgaria: signed Treaty of Neuilly on 27 Nov 1919. Loss of land. • Turkey: signed Treaty of Sevres on 10 Aug 1920. Harsh punishment for actions at Gallipoli. Ottoman Empire diminished. • Hungary: signed Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. Other Central Powers

  28. 8 January 1918. • Creation of League of Nations. • Limit capabilities of any nation to start war. Wilson’s Fourteen Points

  29. Intervene before dispute broke out into war. • No active military force. US, Germany, Russia did not become members. League of Nations

  30. Financial: cost United States $33 billion and another $112 billion in veterans benefits. • Federal Power: Larger Army. Regulation of Interstate commerce. Control of railroads and shipyards. • Labor: Women in workplace; telephone operators, nurses. Black laborers replaced lack of immigrant laborers. • Women’s Suffrage: Nineteenth Amendment Domestic Impact of War

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