GIS Hardware/Software System Architecture and Design

1. GISHardware/SoftwareSystem Architecture and Design Parts of this lecture draw upon: Dave Peters, ESRI User Conference 2002 And Ronald Briggs, U Texas, Dallas

2. GIS Software system components • User interface • Tools and functions • Data manager

3. System architecture configurations • Desktop • Client-server • Centralized desktop • Centralized server

4. GIS software categories • Desktop • Server (Internet) • Developer • Hand-held • Other

5. ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView ArcExplorer Browser Internet ESRI’s GIS Components Consistent interface Increasing capability Clients c:\ ArcGIS Workstation $ ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcServer Services ArcEngine/ ArcObjects Application Development & Customization ArcIMS Services ArcSDE Services Source: ESRI with mods.

6. GIS Characteristics • Detailed, high resolution graphic displays • Large data files • Intensive data analysis/computation • Need powerful workstations • Need powerful servers for data retrieval and batch processing • Need high capacity networks These requirements differ significantly from standard IT environments.

7. Information System Components • Computer hardware: physical machinery, boxes, cables, connectors • Software: instructions which make hardware perform as desired by user • Operating System to control the basic functions of the hardware and networks • Applications to provide users with desired results • Data and databasesto store information required by users • Networks to distribute information between different computers and users • Orgware: people, procedures & organizational structures to make all of the above function • 85% of cost of IT?

8. The Computer: Hardware Components • Central processing unit (CPU): • microprocessor (control unit and arithmetic/logic unit) • primary storage -RAM (main memory or simply memory) • Secondary storage • disks • magnetic • optical • tapes • Input/Output Devices (I/O) • communications devices/ network connections Storage -disks -tapes Central cpu Input devices Output devices (hardcopy) Main Memory Processor Networks

9. Some Measurement Conceptsfor CPU and Storage • capacity • bits and bytes: 8bits=1 byte • kilobytes (KB), megabytes(MB), gigabytes(GB), terabytes (TB),petabytes(PT) • (x1,000) 1KB=1,000bytes 1TB=1,000,000,000,000bytes (approx.) • 5MB: the text of all of Shakespeare’s works • 1TB: 2001 digital orthos for one large city • 10TB: text of the library of Congress • speed • hertz: number (frequency) of electrical pulses per second • clock cycle (megahertz: MHz): (8088: 4.7MHz; p5: 133MHz; p5II 450MHz) • MIPS: million instructions (integer) per second (very~ = 1 MHz) • Gigaflops: Billions of floating point operations per second

10. processor speed clock cycle (megahertz: MHz): 8088-4.7MHz PIII-750MHz word length (8,16,32,64) at single address (8088-16; PIII-32) data bus width (processor to main memory) (8088-8; PIII-64) Examples 4.7Mhz - 2.2Ghz (pc/ws) Servers substantially more main memory capacity (RAM): (size of program &/or data file) 256MB-1GB (pc) Servers substantially more Processors & their organization single v. multi processing 1 v 2,4,8 processors massively parallel processing 1,000 processors Ability of multi-processors to improve performance depends on operating system capabilities and application software design Central Processing Unit: performanceMoore’s Law: Performance doubles every 18 months

11. Moore’s Law (Wikipedia) Moore's law is the empirical observation that at our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost, will double in about 18 months.

12. capacity 4,000 (80x50) bytes per printed page 350 pages per 1.44MB diskette 50,000 pages per 200MB 1/2 inch reel/cartridge 150,000 typed pages per 640MB CD-ROM 1-7 Gigabytes per 4mm or 8mm cassette 40-80GB per DEC DLT (digital linear tape) DVD (4.7-17GB) performance (speed) seek time (to find data) disk: random access tape: sequential access transfer rate cache size and performance SCSI (fast) v. IDE (cheap) bus magnetic disk cost $15,000 per gigabyte in 1985 (mainframe) $500 per gigabyte in 1995(pc) $30 per GB in 1999 $2 per GB in 2002 for IDE $7 per GB in 2002 for SCSI traditional trade-off: disk---optical---tape Speed & cost capacity Storage: disks and tapes

13. IBM Hollerith Card

14. “IBM” punched card Herman Hollerith, 1884 Graphical user interface (GUI) bit-mapped display: each picture element (pixel) manipulable Resolution CGA: 320x300 pixels with 4 colors (96,000 pixels) VGA: 640x480 with 16 colors SVGA: 800x600 or 1024x768 with 256 colors XGA: 16,777,216 colors at 1024x768 (786,432 pixels) 24 bit color RGB: red/green/blue primary colors 1x8bit register per color =256 intensity values 3 primary colors @ 256 each = 16,777,216 combinations(256x256x256) Input/Output:User Interface

15. Xerox Star 8010 with mouse-controlled GUI April 1981

16. Issues: Performance bottlenecks • CPU performance • Memory (RAM) • I/O: to disk and/or to network • Network performance: speed and/or load Balanced system critical Issues: Capacity Planning • peak load versus standard load Issues: CPU Selection & configuration • Servers: database, geoprocessing, web, terminal • Client: Workstation, terminal client, browser client • Mobile: portable, palm, pocket (laptop, PDA, phone)

17. ArcIMS Components Single Tier Config. Example ArcIMS (Web) Server Configurations Three Tier with Load balancing Two Tier with load balancing Three Tier Biggest processing requirement Note: data is duplicated Note: data is from database server

18. Example ArcIMS configurations relative to security Least secure One of many intermediate solutions Most secure

19. Client Configurations Web server Terminal Server Geoproc. Server Database Server Servers GIS Software runs on terminal server Can hand-off some work to GP server Data stays on servers Image to Client Low end PC with special TS software Low network bandwidth Full GIS functionality (Citrix is primary vendor) GISWeb Software runs on web server Can hand-off some work to GP server Data stays on servers Image to Client Low end PC with standard web browser Low network bandwidth Limited GIS functionality (depends on GIS Web software) GIS Software runs on PC Data to PC High end PC High network bandwidth Full GIS functionality LAN link Terminal Client PC Workstation Web Browser LAN link Or VPN* Web Link *VPN Virtual Private Network

20. Mobile Client Considerations • Device type: Portable, tablet, palm or pocket? • Palm and pocket likely to merge • How much capability is required • In field editing or info look up? • Is Connectivity required? • Wireless data connections slow and expensive • How to keep databases in synch?

21. Software and Programs • Software: instructions to the computer • Program: a set of instructions which accomplish a specific task. • All computers use the stored program concept for program execution: • instructions (program) reside permanently on secondary storage (disk) • program is copied and stored (loaded) into main memory to be run (executed). • to be executed, programs must be in binary machine language • compilers convert a programmer’s source code to binary code • once converted, can be run many times • most purchased packages delivered in binary form • will only run on the OS for which binary was created • cannot be “understood” or modified by the user

22. Software Layers HARDWARE • Firmware, Device drivers • Operating System • Utilities • Data Base Software • Application Software • User Interface USER

23. Portable Windows CE Palm Desktop: Basic (home) Windows 95/98/Me/XP home MAC System 9 and X Linux (Red Hat, Caldera) Advanced (professional) Windows XP Professional UNIX of various flavors Server/Network/Enterprise Windows Server Server Advanced server Data center server UNIX: Solaris (SUN), HP-UX, IBM AIX Linux Legacy IBM MVS & OS/390 (mainframe) IBM AS/400 (minicomputer) Digital Equipment Corp (DEC): Open VMS (1999 Compaq announced 5 yr support) UNIX niche (Unisys, NCR, Sequent) Operating Systems: Primary Current Systems

24. Upside to Variety: advantages for particular groups of users or applications legacy for hard core data processing extreme reliability maximized for I/O and data access binary compatibility between versions UNIX for scientific processing, Internet applications and, increasingly, database applications extreme flexibility horsepower for number crunching Windows user oriented, but with power left for processing MAC user friendly Wireless Access from the field Downside to Variety user training user interface development different software binaries support staff expertise communications and networking complexities Web browsers and JAVA help address some of these issues, but really only the first two GIS may have to access legacy systems for data Significance of Different Operating Systems

25. ArcGIS--ARC/INFO (ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA) privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field and former Harvard student originated commercial GIS and still clear market leader with about a third of the market Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics MapInfo Trying very hard to move from Desktop/Present. to Enterprise/Industrial with newer MapX, MapXtreme and MapInsight products Strong presence in telecom and business, especially site selection & marketing Intergraph (Huntsville, AL) origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software strong in design and FM (facilities management), and running hard to match ESRI in GIS UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) and FRAMME evolved from CAD after split with Bentley, courageously committed to NT and object technology in 1995 and first released “new generation” GeoMedia product in March 1997 Serious threat to ESRI until ArcInfo 8 released. Bentley Systems (Exton, PA) Bentley brothers (Barry & Ray) originally developed the PC-based Micro-Station product under contract with Intergraph, but split in 1995 have very successfully continued to develop and sell MicroStation GeoGraphics since then. Strong in engineering; advertises itself as “geoengineering” Autodesk’s AutoCAD Map dominant CAD supplier and world’s 4th largest software company fully topological AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996 (but no raster) High initial expectation (huge installed AutoCad base) but hasn’t lived up to earlier expectations Primarily small business/small city customer base Software for GIS: The Main Vector Players The only two “pure GIS” companies.

26. ERDAS/Imagine long established leader, purchased by Leica Systems of Switzerland in 2001 ER MAPPERveryagressive newcomer originating in Australia Envi, another relative newcomer, radar specialization, now (2000) Kodak owned PCI long-term Canadian player CARIS another newer Canadian entry Software for GIS: Remote Sensing/Raster • Different players • origins in remote sensing thus raster oriented • Some now include vector support, but has proven insufficient for them to really compete with vector-based GIS • Convergence of raster and vector GIS software has not occurred to the degree expected 5 years ago • Need one of these products if you are heavy into remote sensing, image analysis, ororthophotography production • new satellite data products enhance their utility • Will never compete in the enterprise/management market

27. Other Commercial Players Manifold (CDA International Corp)one of the best deals around Maptitude (Caliper Corp, MA): another low cost one CadCorp SIS (Spatial Information System) recent entry from UK WinGIS (Progis Corp, Austria): European entry Smallworld Systems(Englewood, CO) first to use OO (in early 1990s) but never broke out of its FM utilities base and bought by GE in 2000 Also…. GRASS raster oriented, but some vector routines originally developed by US Army Construction Engineering Research Lab(CERL) army ended dev. & support in 1996 but assumed by Baylor University. IDRISI (Clark Univ) one of the pioneering, university developed packages, limited commercial penetration but still trying raster orientation with some vector capabilities Software for GIS: other professional/analytical

28. GRASS: Unix Tkl/Tk

29. Manifold GIS Release 6.5

30. Software for GIS: Niche products Business Targeted • BusinessMAP (from ESRI): $99 choropleth and pin mapping (originally Maplinx) • NDS (National Decision Systems): marketingdata supplier; I-Mark software (released 1999) combines earlier Infomark Express (reporting) and I-Map (maps) • Tactician:specialist product for market analysis, site selection, etc. • GeoQuery (Naperville, IL): a business mapping product based on Intergraph GeoMedia (originally an independent product) Other Industry Targeted • TransCAD (from Caliper):specialized GIS for transportation • EDX, Planet (from Mobile Systems International, now part of Marconi),Network Engineer (from Mesa Solutions), Cell CAD II: wireless telephony planning GIS specialized functions • Surfer (Golden Software):contour creation & spatial interpolation • Map Viewer (Golden Software):thematic map creation • FreeGIS (www.freegis.org) • Xmap Geographic (DeLorme): 3-D TopoQuads display, image registration, coordinate geometry • Blue Marble Geographic Calculator: projections, conversions, etc. Extensions to standard GIS Products • Add-ons to standard GIS packages to meet niche needs

31. Total Revenue Estimates 2001 1,073 M 2004 2, 020 M Estimated Market Shares 2003 Sector share Utilities 44% Public sector 29% Private sector 24% 2003 Type share Software 64% Services 24% Data 8% Hardware 4%

32. ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGISclient products ArcReader (“adobe acrobat” for maps) & ArcExplorer (spatial data viewer) • Free viewers for geographic data. ArcGIS 9.x Desktop: two primary modules (MS NT/2000/XP only) • ArcMap: for data display, map production, spatial analysis, data editing • ArcCatalog: for data management and preview ArcToolbox, for specialized data conversions and analyses, available as a window in both Available capabilities within these modules are “tiered” • ArcView: viewing, map production, spatial analysis, basic editing • ArcEditor: ArcView, plus specialized editing • ArcInfo: ArcView & ArcEditor plus special analyses and conversions Extensions: for special apps.: Spatial Analyst, 3D Analyst, Geostatistics, Business Analyst,etc. ArcObjects: build specialized capabilities within ArcMap or ArcCatalog using VB for Applications ArcGIS Workstation (for UNIX and MS NT/2000/XP) • the old command line ArcInfo 7.1 ArcGIS Engine (MS NT/2000/XP) • Set of embeddable GIS components (ArcObjects software objects) for building custom applications • Runs under Windows, Unix and Linux, with support for Java, C++, COM and .NET • Replaces MapObjects which were based upon a previous generation of GIS objects Notes: ArcGIS 8 released 2000 to integrate two previous standalone products: ArcView and ArcInfo ArcGIS 9 released 2004 providing the full capability that should have been in ArcGIS 8!!! --full support for all data types (coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases) --full support for all previous geoprocessing analyses --Modelbuilder for scripting and repetitive processing --ArcEngine for building custom applications ArcView 3.3 (the predecessor to ArcGIS 8.x) the only GUI option for UNIX.

33. ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGISserver products SDE (Spatial Database Engine) • middleware to support spatial data storage in standard DBMS • Supports all major industry databases: • Oracle, SQL-Server, IBM DB2, Ingres ArcGIS Server • Permits the creation of server-based GIS services using any ArcGIS capability • Provides GIS capabilities to a user without a desktop GIS system: • inward focus—user goes to server ArcIMS • Software to develop Internet server-based mapping and basic analysis • Provides maps to the user without a desktop GIS system : • outward focus—gives user a map ArcGIS Services • Server based applications built and operated by ESRI or its partners and made available on the Internet for subscription • Normally charged on a “per transaction” basis, but can be flat fee • presumably built using ArcGIS Server

34. Decisions/Actions Requiredfor Software • Operating systems for clients and servers • Interfacing with existing non-GIS application systems • Selection of GIS software appropriate for task required

35. Council, get off my back! Planner Needs faster, easier, jazzier way of answering council member queries. Need professional analysis package use ArcView 9, since city has extensive ArcInfo shapefiles & coverages; Uses ModelBuilder and Python scripts to automate most common queries Appraisal District needs to accurately maintain parcel files Replaces current CAD system with ArcEditor for accurate topological editing and easier interface with GIS files Emergency Preparedness Manager for coastal county needs application to track potential spread of oil spills Uses ArcObjects and VB for Applications within ArcInfo version of ArcGIS to develop customized model City Planner wants easier way for citizens to know location of city facilities, property zoning, roads, etc.. Developes ArcIMS application on city server which includes layers for roads, zoning, parcels,schools, other city facilities, etc.. which citizens can access from their home PCs using any browser GIS Software Selection Contd on next slide

36. GIS Software Selection • Bus service manager. Wants application to display real time location of buses on touch-screen terminal to passengers waiting at transit centers • Uses ArcServer to develop central application to track buses • Uses internet browser at transit station to query ArcServer • Developer of software to support operations within a real estate office, including payroll, client tracking, billing, etc.., requires way to map location of houses sold by office • Uses ArcEngine to incorporate mapping capabilities within his software system • Taxation aqnd Assessment. Must tie all my data together--land ownership, tax rolls, utility lines, roads, 911 calls etc. • Needs enterprise solution. • ArcSDE with ORACLE data base, accessed with ArcExplorer (free), ArcView 9 (for read only & analysis), ArcEditor 9 (for data maintenance) & ArcInfo 9 (for specialized analyses)

37. Functional Types of Data • strategic: long term direction, goals (us versus them; Ford v. GM; Plano v. Richardson • Tactical/procedural: comparisons for short term decision making (is it selling?, focus policing at high accident/crime sites; identify roads) • operational: daily activities (inventory replenishment; repair orders) • transactional: flows through the system ( water meter readings, billings, 911 calls).

38. Database Choices ArcSDE DB Workstation Middleware ArcSDE supports • Oracle • Microsoft SQL Server • IBM’s DBII • Informix Selection often a function of what already exists in house for business applications Some database vendors have ability to support spatial data directly without ArcSDE (e.g. Oracle Spatial) • may conform to ISO standard • Better security • May cost less than ArcSDE • More limited capability (e.g. no “geodatabase”)

39. Does not protect against disastrous destruction! (WTC 9/11, tornado, etc.)