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Digestive System

Explore the key functions of the digestive system, from breaking down food to absorbing nutrients, and learn about various digestive disorders. Discover the parts of the digestive system, types of digestion, and the vital roles of organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Gain insights into common digestive issues like ulcers, food allergies, and conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Improve your understanding of digestive health and how to manage problems like constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome.

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Digestive System

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  1. Digestive System • Two Key Functions: • Digestion - breaking down food into smaller molecules (nutrients). • Absorbing these nutrients into the bloodstream

  2. TYPES OF DIGESTION MECHANICAL CHEMICAL

  3. Digestive System • Parts • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • small intestine • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas • large intestine • Rectum

  4. Mouth • Mechanical Digestion • Tongue and teeth work together to break down food mechanically • Chemical Digestion • Amylase - enzyme in saliva that breaks the carbohydrates • Starch Simple Sugars

  5. Esophagus • No digestion • Food is directed from mouth to stomach using peristalsis • Epiglottis – flap of cartilage • Ensures food travels to esophagus and not wind pipe (larynx)

  6. Stomach • Large muscular sac that continues digestion • Acidic pH – 2-3 on the pH scale • Cardiac sphincter – circular muscle that keeps food in stomach • Mechanical Digestion - • Peristalsis • Chemical Digestion – protein digestion begins here • HCL and Pepsin - pepsin (enzyme) and hydrochloric acid begins protein digestion. • HCL changes inactive enzyme, pepsinogen active pepsin • Chyme- mixture of stomach fluids and food produced in the stomach by contracting stomach muscles

  7. STOMACH

  8. REVERSE PERISTALSIS

  9. Small Intestine • Digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed here. • Small in diameter, not in length (> 6m) • Chemical Digestion completed here. • Digestion • Intestinal Enzymes • Pancreatic amylases – starch • Peptidases (trypsin, chymotrypsin) – proteins  amino acids • Nucleases – nucleic acids  nucleotides • Lipases – break down fat • Nutrient Absorption – Villi(villus-singular) – millions of fingerlike projections (latter portion of small intestine) • Increase surface area

  10. Villi and the Small Intestive

  11. Liver • Liver - large organ just above the stomach that produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts • Produces bile that digests fat • Sends bile to gallbladder for storage

  12. Gallbladder and Pancreas • Gallbladder • Stores bile • Cholesterol Deposits (gallstones) • Pancreas • Secretes peptidases – protein digestive enzymes

  13. Large Intestine or Colon • large intestine • No digestion • 2major functions • Egestion – removal of undigested waste • Rectum – stores feces for release • Anus – Releases feces • Reabsorption • Water is absorbed

  14. Digestive Disorders • Belching / Burping • swallowed air, eat fast, improperly fitted dentures, & chewing gum • Intestinal gas • foods rich in fiber, starches, & sugar • beans, dairy, some vegetables • bacteria in the GI • fat substitutes • GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease • painful, persistent heartburn (acid in esophagus) • cause: hiatal hernia,cigarette smoking, alcohol, overweight, pregnancy, chocolate, citrus, spicy or fried foods, large high-fat meal

  15. DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS/DISORDERS

  16. Digestive Disorders • Peptic ulcers • areas of GI eroded by HCL & pepsin • Helicobacter pylori – bacteria contributes to production of gastric & duodenal ulcers • Food allergy • hypersensitivity reaction of immune system • Food intolerance • GI gas, pain, diarrhea, or constipation

  17. Digestive Disorders • Celiac disease (celiac sprue) • genetic disorder • inability to absorb gluten - protein in wheat, rye, & barley • Immune cells damage the small intestine • leads to poor nutrient absorption • requires a diet lacking wheat, rye, & barley • early diagnosis avoids delayed growth & malnutrition • Crohn’s disease • inflammatory bowel can affect any area of the GI tract • possible immune system reaction to a virus or bacteria • diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding • weight loss, fever, anemia • children can experience delayed growth

  18. Digestive Disorders • Ulcerative colitis • chronic disease of the colon • inflammation & ulceration of inner most lining • possible immune response to a virus or bacteria • symptoms are similar to Crohn’s disease • not caused by food • patients may avoid foods that cause discomfort • Diarrhea • frequent passage of loose, watery stools • Infection, stress, food intolerances • reactions to medications, or bowel disorders • can lead to severe dehydration • more dangerous for children & the elderly

  19. Digestive Disorders • Constipation • infrequent hard, small, difficult to pass stools • prevention includes fiber-rich foods & regular exercise • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) • interferes with normal colon function • abdominal cramps & bloating • diarrhea or constipation • stress, caffeine, large meals, chocolate, alcohol, dairy, wheat • more common in women • treatment includes stress management, high fiber diet, fluids, avoiding offending foods

  20. A blast from the past

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