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Exploring the Integumentary System

Learn about the functions of the skin, types of cells, layers of the skin, color variations, accessory structures, hair and hair follicles, growth cycles, nail structure, common skin disorders, and skin cancers.

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Exploring the Integumentary System

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  1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The skin is the largest organ.

  2. Skin Functions • Physical barrier • General senses: touch, pressure, pain, temperature • Vitamin D source • Temperature regulation • Excretion of wastes

  3. Types of cells: • Keratinocytes • produce keratin • totally replaces epidermis every 25-45 days • Melanocytes • produce melanin • Langerhans • dermal macrophages • Merkel cells • sensory receptors for touch

  4. Skin Layers • Epidermis - Stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized • Dermis - Irregular dense fibrous connective tissue

  5. Major Layers of Skin • Epidermis • stratum corneum • outermost • thickest • dead, flaky, dandruff • stratum lucidum • (clear) • stratum granulosum • increased keratinization

  6. Major Layers of Skin • Epidermis • stratum spinosum • (prickly layer) • stratum basale • (stratum germinativum) • mitotic division • Contains melanocytes

  7. Skin Layers • Dermis • Papillary layer contains: • Dermal papillae • Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors) • Reticular layer • Arteries • Veins • Glands • Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors)

  8. Skin Color • Melanin • Yellowish to reddish-brown to black • Racial differences result from kind and amount of melanin • Freckles: local accumulation of melanin • Melanin increase due to damage from ultraviolet radiation • Excessive exposure to sun damages elastin fibers, depresses immune system, and alters DNA possibly leading to skin cancer

  9. Carotene • Yellowish, orange • Accumulation due to diet • Hemoglobin - reddish

  10. Color variations • Redness (Erythema) • blushing, fever, inflammation, allergy • Pallor • fear, anger, stress, anemia • Jaundice • yellowish color due to bile; liver disorder • Bronzing • Addison’s disease ; adrenal cortex disorder • Bruises (hematoma) • clotted blood beneath skin

  11. Accessory Structures • Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands • Eccrine glands • covers most of body; especially hands, feet, and head • Eccrine secretion contains water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, waste (urea, uric acid, ammonia), and lactic acid

  12. Accessory Structures • Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands • Apocrine glands (axial and genital areas) • Apocrine secretions add fatty substances and proteins • Breakdown of aprocrine secretions by bacteria causes body odor • Begin functioning at puberty

  13. Accessory Structures • Specialized Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands • Ceruminous glands - secrete wax • Mammary glands - secrete milk instead of sweat

  14. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands • Secrete sebum • softens and lubricates skin and hair • waterproofs • activated by hormones during puberty • Whitehead - gland blocked by accumulated sebum • Blackhead - dried, oxidized sebum • Acne - active inflammation of sebaceous glands • Seborrhea (Cradle cap) - overactive sebaceous glands

  15. Hair & Hair Follicles • Structure of hair • Shaft - projects from skin • Root - embedded in skin • 3 layers of ketatinized cells • medulla - core • cortex - surrounds core • cuticle - outermost layer

  16. Hair & Hair Follicles • Structure of follicle • Hair bulb - expanded end of follicle • Hair papilla - dermal papilla protruding into hair bulb; supplies nutrients; stimulates growth • Hair matrix - produces hair; active division; older cells pushed to top, increase keratinization & die • Arrector pili -muscle that raises hairs; causes goose bumps

  17. Distribution, Types, & Growth of Hair • Vellus - fine body hair of children and females • Terminal - coarse hair of scalp and eyebrows • Growth stimulated by androgens • Affected by nutrition • Average growth rate = 2mm per week • Hair Cycles vary • scalp follicles active approx. 4 yrs • eyebrow follicles active 3-4 months

  18. Hair Thinning & Baldness • After 40’s resting cycles lengthen • Hair not replaced as fast as lost • Baldness = alopecia • Male Pattern Baldness • Genetically determined • Sex influenced

  19. Nails • Scale-like modifications of epidermis • Structure • Free Edge • Body • Root • Nail Bed - epidermis beneath nail body • Nail Matrix - proximal portion of nail bed • Lunula • Nail folds • Eponychium (cuticle)

  20. Skin Disorders • Warts - nonmalignant epithelial growth caused by a virus • Cold sores (fever blisters) • small fluid-filled blisters around lips & mouth • caused by a herpes simplex virus • Acne - inflammation of sebaceous glands • Impetigo - inflamed lesions caused by staphylococcus infection • Decubitus ulcers (bed sores) caused by irritation and inadequate circulation

  21. Skin cancers • Most skin tumors benign (ex. Warts) • Basal Cell Carcinoma • least malignant • approx. 30% of caucasians will develop this • 99% cure rate • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Scaly elevation arising from the stratum spinosum

  22. Cutaneous melanoma • Arise from melanocytes • 2 types • melanocarcinoma • malignant melanoma • Irregular growths with variety of pigmentation (brown, gray, black, or blue) • Occur in all age groups, usually in people who sunburn easily • More common in people who get short intense exposure to sunlight. • Survival rate is low. • May begin in regular skin or mole

  23. ABCDE rule • A - Asymmetry • B - Border irregularity • C - Color • D - Diameter • E - Elevation

  24. ABCD’s of Skin Cancer

  25. First-degree burns - involves only epidermis Second-degree burns - involves both epidermis and dermis Third-degree burns - complete destruction of both layers, probable involvement of subcutaneous tissue Burns also classified by the extent of burn area Classification of Burns

  26. RULE of NINES Head = 9% Anterior Thoracic = 9% Posterior Thoracic = 9% Anterior Abdomen = 9% Posterior Abdomen = 9% Left Arm = 9% Right Arm = 9% Anterior Left Leg = 9% Posterior Left Leg = 9% Anterior Right Leg = 9% Posterior Right Leg = 9% Genitals = 1% Classification of Burns

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