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Unit 5: Heredity and Genetics. Essential Questions. How do cells grow and divide? How is genetic material passed from parent to offspring? What are the patterns of inheritance and how can this be used to predict traits in offspring?
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Essential Questions • How do cells grow and divide? • How is genetic material passed from parent to offspring? • What are the patterns of inheritance and how can this be used to predict traits in offspring? • What are the different variations in traits? How are these variations inherited? • What happens when something goes wrong with regards to genetic traits? • How can the rate of genetic traits inherited be calculated? • What is DNA and what role does it have in our body? • What are some current trends in DNA research?
Day 1: Cell Division • Required Readings: • 3.19 • Learning Objectives: • To understand why it is necessary to copy genetic material accurately • To know that copying division is called mitosis, and results in cells with an identical number and type of chromosomes as their parent cells • To know how chromosomes behave during mitosis • To know where mitosis takes place in the bodies of mammals and flowering plants • To understand the need for a special cell division in the formation of haploid gametes
Starter • Create a KWL table for genetics and heredity • Know • Want to know • Learned • Fill in the “K” and “W” columns • You will fill in the “L” column at the end of each lesson, and can write any more questions that you may have from the current lesson • Time: 15 minutes
Activity 1 • Watch the video on mitosis • Write down questions you have while you are watching it • Time: 25 minutes
Activity 2 • Create a model using the pipe cleaners and yarn to show what happens in the cell cycle • Include the image as well as a written description for the following phases: • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis • Time: 40 minutes
Interphase Cell growth Synthesis of DNA Replication of organelles Prepares for mitosis Cell spends most of its time in interphase
Prophase Chromosomes condense into 2 identical chromatids, joined at the centromere Nuclear envelope begins to break down Spindles form at the centrioles Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Metaphase Spindles attach to the centromere of the chromosomes Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
Anaphase - Individual chromosomes are pulled apart and taken to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase Nuclear envelope begins to form around chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell Cell elongates and prepares for cytokinesis
Cytokinesis Cell pinches off in the middle to form 2 new identical daughter cells Literally means “splitting cytoplasm”
Closing Activity and Homework • Complete the “L” column of your KWL table, as well as any other questions you may have in the “W” column • Next lesson we will look at meiosis and comparing mitosis with meiosis. Be sure to read over section 3.19 again
Day 2: Cell Division (60 minutes) • Required Readings: • 3.19 • Learning Objectives: • To understand why it is necessary to copy genetic material accurately • To know that copying division is called mitosis, and results in cells with an identical number and type of chromosomes as their parent cells • To know how chromosomes behave during mitosis • To know where mitosis takes place in the bodies of mammals and flowering plants • To understand the need for a special cell division in the formation of haploid gametes
Starter • What are the stages in mitosis and what happens in each stage? • When/why does mitosis occur? • What is the purpose of meiosis? • What are the products of meiosis? • Where do mitosis and meiosis occur? • Time: 15 minutes
Activity 1 • Create a diagram depicting what happens during meiosis • Include a written explanation of what is happening • Time: 30 minutes
Activity 2 • Look at the picture on the following slide that compares mitosis and meiosis • What are some similarities between the two processes? • What are some differences? • Time: 10 minutes
Closing and Homework • Complete the “L” column of your KWL table, as well as any other questions you may have in the “W” column • Complete your meiosis diagram if not completed
Day 3: Mendel • Required reading: • Supplemental text from wiki • Learning Objectives: • To learn about Mendel’s experiments with garden pea plants • To understand the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Segregation • To predict the probability of genetic crosses using Punnett squares
Starter • Take a look at the data that was collected from Mendel’s experiments. • What can you conclude with regards to the following: • The ratio of traits in the offspring • What trait is dominant? Recessive? How do you know? • What different traits were studied? • Time: 15 minutes
Activity 1 • Create a vocabulary square for each of the following words • Allele • Dominant • Recessive • Law of Independent Assortment • Law of Segregation • Trait • Inherited • Heterozygous • Homozygous • Phenotype • Genotype • 4 squares: • Word • Definition (in your own words) • Picture • Sentence using the word • Time: 30 minutes
Activity 2 • Punnett squares are used to predict the probability of genetic traits in offspring • The genotype is the genetic make up of the trait, and the phenotype is the physical characteristic the trait produces • Example – Flower colour
Activity 2 (cont’d) • Construct a Punnett square to show the possible outcomes for the following crosses: • PP x pp • Pp x pp • Pp x Pp • What are the genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring? • What are the phenotypic ratios for the offspring? • Time: 15 minutes
Activity 3 • Complete the “Albinism” and “Coin Toss” activities in the Genetics packet • Time: 20 minutes
Closing and Homework • Complete the “L” column of your KWL table, as well as any other questions you may have in the “W” column • Mendel’s data
